tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7990286862178077012024-03-05T00:45:30.765-08:00Azar y NecesidadY con tanta ciencia una inútil ansia de tener lástima de algo, de que llueva aquí dentro, de que por fin empiece a llover, a oler a tierra, a cosas vivas, sí, por fin a cosas vivas.
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.comBlogger58125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-37268201907918106442013-10-15T05:45:00.001-07:002013-10-15T05:45:36.089-07:00<h2 class="yiv7275438398mc-toc-title" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_7293" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Arial; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
War, space, and the evolution of Old World complex societies</h2>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_7292" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
How did human societies evolve from small groups, integrated by face-to-face cooperation, to huge anonymous societies of today? Why is there so much variation in the ability of different human populations to construct viable states? We developed a model that uses cultural evolution mechanisms to predict where and when the largest-scale complex societies should have arisen in human history. The model was simulated within a realistic landscape of the Afroeurasian landmass, and its predictions were tested against real data. Overall, the model did an excellent job predicting empirical patterns. Our results suggest a possible explanation as to why a long history of statehood is positively correlated with political stability, institutional quality, and income per capita.</div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_7282" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_7283" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
War, space, and the evolution of Old World complex societies</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Peter Turchin, Thomas E. Currie, Edward A. L. Turner, and Sergey Gavrilets</div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_7285" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308825110" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_7284" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308825110</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
PNAS September 23, 2013</div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_7285" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_7285" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<h2 class="yiv6310523310mc-toc-title" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_8422" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Arial; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
The detection of intermediate-level emergent structures and patterns</h2>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_8420" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Artificial life is largely concerned with systems that exhibit different emergent phenomena; yet, the identification of emergent structures is frequently a difficult challenge. In this paper we introduced a system to identify candidate emergent mesolevel dynamical structures in dynamical networks. This method is based on an extension of a measure introduced for detecting clusters in biological neural networks; its main novelty in comparison to previous application of similar measures is that we used it to consider truly dynamical networks, and not only fluctuations around stable asymptotic states. The identified structures are clusters of elements that behave in a coherent and coordinated way and that loosely interact with the remainder of the system. We have evidence that our approach is able to identify these "emerging things" in some artificial network models and in more complex data coming from catalytic reaction networks and biological gene regulatory systems (A.thaliana). We think that this system could suggest interesting new ways in dealing with artificial and biological systems.</div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_8421" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_8424" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The detection of intermediate-level emergent structures and patterns Marco Villani, Alessandro Filisetti, Stefano Benedettini, Andrea Roli, David Avra Lane, Roberto Serrae</div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_8425" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-31709-2-ch054%C2%A0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-31709-2-ch054 </a>;</div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_8426" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ECAL 2013 Best Paper Award</div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_8426" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1381507337119_8426" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-43760364433664864002013-08-23T09:08:00.000-07:002013-08-23T09:12:22.802-07:00<h2 class="yiv8317979338mc-toc-title" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1377265943917_10715" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Arial; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Life as we know it</h2>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1377265943917_9798" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; widows: 2;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This paper presents a heuristic proof (and simulations of a primordial soup) suggesting that life—or biological self-organization—is an inevitable and emergent property of any (ergodic) random dynamical system that possesses a Markov blanket. This conclusion is based on the following arguments: if the coupling among an ensemble of dynamical systems is mediated by short-range forces, then the states of remote systems must be conditionally independent. These independencies induce a Markov blanket that separates internal and external states in a statistical sense. The existence of a Markov blanket means that internal states will appear to minimize a free energy functional of the states of their Markov blanket. Crucially, this is the same quantity that is optimized in Bayesian inference. Therefore, the internal states (and their blanket) will appear to engage in active Bayesian inference. In other words, they will appear to model—and act on—their world to preserve their functional and structural integrity, leading to homoeostasis and a simple form of autopoiesis.</div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1377265943917_9800" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; widows: 2;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1377265943917_9801" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Life as we know it</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Karl Friston</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1377265943917_9802" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; widows: 2;">
J. R. Soc. Interface 6 September 2013 vol. 10 no. 86 20130475</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1377265943917_9803" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
<a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=55f905a83f&e=0e77df2adc" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/</a><span class="yiv6317368214Apple-converted-space"> </span>rsif.2013.0475</div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-80176596900320952352013-07-17T10:59:00.003-07:002013-07-17T10:59:56.402-07:00<h2 class="yiv7677470634mc-toc-title" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11310" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Arial; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Self-extinction through optimizing selection</h2>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11305" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Evolutionary suicide is a process in which selection drives a viable population to extinction. So far, such selection-driven self-extinction has been demonstrated in models with frequency-dependent selection.</div>
<img border="0" src="http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=4003059892&tp=Topic" style="background-color: white; border: none; color: #505050; display: inline; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; orphans: 2; outline: none; padding: 0px; widows: 2;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;" /><br />
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11306" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
<a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=19477817cf&e=0e77df2adc" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">See it on Scoop.it</a>, via<span class="yiv7677470634Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=2ae2f04a14&e=0e77df2adc" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">Papers</a></div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-27713741483631967632013-07-17T10:59:00.001-07:002013-07-17T10:59:00.078-07:00<h2 class="yiv7677470634mc-toc-title" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11283" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Arial; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Constraint and Contingency in Multifunctional Gene Regulatory Circuits</h2>
<img border="0" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11281" src="http://img.scoop.it/WOpq_ZV6A2qR_oNNAbdT9jl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBV9ip2J1EIeUzA9paTSgKmv" style="background-color: white; border: none; color: #505050; display: inline; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; orphans: 2; outline: none; padding: 0px; widows: 2;" /><br />
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11282" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Many essential biological processes, ranging from embryonic patterning to circadian rhythms, are driven by gene regulatory circuits, which comprise small sets of genes that turn each other on or off to form a distinct pattern of gene expression. Gene regulatory circuits often have multiple functions. This means that they can form different gene expression patterns at different times or in different tissues. We know little about multifunctional gene regulatory circuits. For example, we do not know how multifunctionality constrains the evolution of such circuits, how many circuits exist that have a given number of functions, and whether tradeoffs exist between multifunctionality and the robustness of a circuit to mutation. Because it is not currently possible to answer these questions experimentally, we use a computational model to exhaustively enumerate millions of regulatory circuits and all their possible functions, thereby providing the first comprehensive study of multifunctionality in model regulatory circuits. Our results highlight limits of circuit designability that are relevant to both systems biologists and synthetic biologists.</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11291" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11289" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Payne JL, Wagner A (2013) Constraint and Contingency in Multifunctional Gene Regulatory Circuits. PLoS Comput Biol 9(6): e1003071.<a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=734002af89&e=0e77df2adc" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003071</a></div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-9275030453689978682013-07-17T10:58:00.001-07:002013-07-17T10:58:23.975-07:00<h2 class="yiv7677470634mc-toc-title" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11245" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Arial; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Can Life Evolve from Wires and Plastic?</h2>
<img border="0" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11246" src="http://img.scoop.it/zTiynBzDfXRxG3H715Me_zl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBV9ip2J1EIeUzA9paTSgKmv" style="background-color: white; border: none; color: #505050; display: inline; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; orphans: 2; outline: none; padding: 0px; widows: 2;" /><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
In a laboratory tucked away in a corner of the Cornell University campus, Hod Lipson’s robots are evolving. He has already produced a self-aware robot that is able to gather information about itself as it learns to walk.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Hod Lipson reports: "We wrote a trivial 10-line algorithm, ran it on big gaming simulator, put it in a big computer and waited a week. In the beginning we got piles of junk. Then we got beautiful machines. Crazy shapes. Eventually a motor connected to a wire, which caused the motor to vibrate. Then a vibrating piece of junk moved infinitely better than any other… eventually we got machines that crawl. The evolutionary algorithm came up with a design, blueprints that worked for the robot."</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11247" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
The computer-bound creature transferred from the virtual domain to our world by way of a 3D printer. And then it took its first steps. Was this arrangement of rods and wires the machine-world’s equivalent of the primordial cell? Not quite: Lipson’s robot still couldn’t operate without human intervention. ‘We had to snap in the battery,’ he told me, ‘but it was the first time evolution produced physical robots. Eventually, I want to print the wires, the batteries, everything. Then evolution will have so much freedom. Evolution will not be constrained.’</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Not many people would call creatures bred of plastic, wires and metal beautiful. Yet to see them toddle deliberately across the laboratory floor, or bend and snap as they pick up blocks and build replicas of themselves, brings to mind the beauty of evolution and animated life.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
One could imagine Lipson’s electronic menagerie lining the shelves at Toys R Us, if not the CIA, but they have a deeper purpose. Lipson hopes to illuminate evolution itself. Just recently, his team provided some insight into modularity—the curious phenomenon whereby biological systems are composed of discrete functional units.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11253" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Though inherently newsworthy, the fruits of the Creative Machines Lab are just small steps along the road towards new life. Lipson, however, maintains that some of his robots are alive in a rudimentary sense. ‘There is nothing more black or white than alive or dead,’ he said, ‘but beneath the surface it’s not simple. There is a lot of grey area in between.’</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11252" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11248" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
The robots of the Creative Machines Lab might fulfill many criteria for life, but they are not completely autonomous—not yet. They still require human handouts for replication and power. These, though, are just stumbling blocks, conditions that could be resolved some day soon—perhaps by way of a 3D printer, a ready supply of raw materials, and a human hand to flip the switch just the once.</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11251" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11249" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
According to Lipson, an evolvable system is ‘the ultimate artificial intelligence, the most hands-off AI there is, which means a double edge. All you feed it is power and computing power. It’s both scary and promising.’ What if the solution to some of our present problems requires the evolution of artificial intelligence beyond anything we can design ourselves? Could an evolvable program help to predict the emergence of new flu viruses? Could it create more efficient machines? And once a truly autonomous, evolvable robot emerges, how long before its descendants make a pilgrimage to Lipson’s lab, where their ancestor first emerged from a primordial soup of wires and plastic to take its first steps on Earth?</div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-5375193556958758182013-07-17T10:57:00.001-07:002013-07-17T10:57:20.107-07:00<h2 class="yiv8349665079mc-toc-title" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11090" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Arial; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
In the light of evolution VII: The human mental machinery</h2>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11089" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
This collection of colloquium papers aims to survey what has been learned about the human “mental machinery” since Darwin's insights. The colloquium brought together leading scientists who have worked on brain and mental traits. Their 16 contributions focus the objective of better understanding human brain processes, their evolution, and their eventual shared mechanisms with other animals. The articles are grouped into three primary sections: current study of the mind/brain relationships; the primate evolutionary continuity; and the human difference: from ethics to aesthetics.</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11092" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11093" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
In the light of evolution VII: The human mental machinery<br />Camilo J. Cela-Conde, Raúl Gutiérrez Lombardo, John C. Avise, and Francisco J. Ayala</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_11094" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
<a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=d077b7f44e&e=0e77df2adc" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307207110</a><span class="yiv8349665079Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />PNAS June 18, 2013 vol. 110 no. Supplement 2 10339-10342</div>
<img border="0" src="http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=4003573703&tp=Topic" style="background-color: white; border: none; color: #505050; display: inline; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; orphans: 2; outline: none; padding: 0px; widows: 2;" />Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-47515785931006498012013-07-17T10:56:00.001-07:002013-07-17T10:56:11.676-07:00<h2 class="yiv3308164975mc-toc-title" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_10980" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Arial; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Earth is surrounded by a 'bubble' of live bacteria - at 33 000 feet</h2>
<img border="0" id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_10981" src="http://img.scoop.it/wrnDhCB-95GSxueAe2jtTDl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBV9ip2J1EIeUzA9paTSgKmv" style="background-color: white; border: none; color: #505050; display: inline; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; orphans: 2; outline: none; padding: 0px; widows: 2;" /><br />
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_10963" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Earth’s upper atmosphere—below freezing, nearly without oxygen, flooded by UV radiation—is no place to live. But last winter, scientists from the Georgia Institute of Technology discovered that billions of bacteria actually thrive up there. Expecting only a smattering of microorganisms, the researchers flew six miles above Earth’s surface in a NASA jet plane. There, they pumped outside air through a filter to collect particles. Back on the ground, they tallied the organisms, and the count was staggering: 20 percent of what they had assumed to be just dust or other particles was alive. Earth, it seems, is surrounded by a bubble of bacteria.</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_10964" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_7_2_1_1374063927239_10965" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;">
Scientists don’t yet know what the bacteria are doing up there, but they may be essential to how the atmosphere functions, says Kostas Konstantinidis, an environmental microbiologist on the Georgia Tech team. For example, they could be responsible for recycling nutrients in the atmosphere, like they do on Earth. And similar to other particles, they could influence weather patterns by helping clouds form. However, they also may be transmitting diseases from one side of the globe to the other. The researchers found E. coli in their samples (which they think hurricanes lifted from cities), and they plan to investigate whether plagues are raining down on us. If we can find out more about the role of bacteria in the atmosphere, says Ann Womack, a microbial ecologist at the University of Oregon, scientists could even fight climate change by engineering the bacteria to break down greenhouse gases into other, less harmful compounds.</div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-52159739548241472742013-01-03T09:48:00.003-08:002013-01-03T09:48:30.589-08:00<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Adapting to a warmer world:
No going back<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Just a decade ago,
'adaptation' was something of a dirty word in the climate arena — an
insinuation that nations could continue with business as usual and deal with
the mess later. But greenhouse-gas emissions are increasing at an unprecedented
rate and countries have failed to negotiate a successor to the Kyoto Protocol
climate treaty. That stark reality has forced climate researchers and
policy-makers to explore ways to weather some of the inevitable changes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Imagen_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Descripción: http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=3596482547&tp=Topic"
style='width:.75pt;height:.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Nacho\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif"
o:title="rv?p=3596482547&tp=Topic"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Descripción: http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=3596482547&tp=Topic" height="1" src="file:///C:\Users\Nacho\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Imagen_x0020_1" width="1" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=b46524c564&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">See
it on Scoop.it</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">, via </span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=30220c8a37&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Papers</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">On the Foundations of the
Theory of Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Darwinism conceives
evolution as a consequence of random variation and natural selection, hence it
is based on a materialistic, i.e. matter-based, view of science inspired by
classical physics. But matter in itself is considered a very complex notion in modern
physics. More specifically, at a microscopic level, matter and energy are no
longer retained within their simple form, and quantum mechanical models are
proposed wherein potential form is considered in addition to actual form. In
this paper we propose an alternative to standard Neodarwinian evolution theory.
We suggest that the starting point of evolution theory cannot be limited to
actual variation whereupon is selected, but to variation in the potential of
entities according to the context. We therefore develop a formalism, referred
to as Context driven Actualization of Potential (CAP), which handles
potentiality and describes the evolution of entities as an actualization of
potential through a reiterated interaction with the context.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">On the Foundations of the
Theory of Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Diederik Aerts, Stan
Bundervoet, Marek Czachor, Bart D'Hooghe, Liane Gabora, Philip Polk, Sandro
Sozzo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=cf4fcc8369&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span style="color: #336699;">http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.0107</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Is Science Mostly Driven by
Ideas or by Tools?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">We are standing now as we stood in the 1950s, between a Kuhnian dream of
sudden illumination and a Galisonian reality of laborious exploring. On one
side are string theory and speculations about multiverses; on the other are
all-sky surveys and observations of real black holes. The balance today is more
even than it was in the 1950s. String theory is a far more promising venture
than Einstein's unified field theory. Kuhn and Galison are running neck and
neck in the race for glory. We are lucky to live in a time when both are going
strong.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Is Science Mostly Driven by Ideas or by Tools?</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Freeman J. Dyson</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Science 14 December 2012: </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Vol. 338 no. 6113 pp. 1426-1427 </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #336699; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232773#">http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232773<span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Imagen_x0020_4"
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Descripción: http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=3718006105&tp=Topic"
style='width:.75pt;height:.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Nacho\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif"
o:title="rv?p=3718006105&tp=Topic"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Descripción: http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=3718006105&tp=Topic" border="0" height="1" src="file:///C:\Users\Nacho\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Imagen_x0020_4" width="1" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Individual memory and the
emergence of cooperation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10.5pt;">The social brain hypothesis states that
selection pressures associated with complex social relationships have driven
the evolution of sophisticated cognitive processes in primates. We investigated
how the size of cooperative primate communities depends on the memory of each
of its members and on the pressure exerted by natural selection. To this end we
devised an evolutionary game theoretical model in which social interactions are
modelled in terms of a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma played by individuals who
may exhibit a different memory capacity. Here, memory is greatly simplified and
mapped onto a single parameter m describing the number of conspecifics whose
previous action each individual can remember. We show that increasing m enables
cooperation to emerge and be maintained in groups of increasing sizes.
Furthermore, harsher social dilemmas lead to the need for a higher m in order
to ensure high levels of cooperation. Finally, we show how the interplay
between the dilemma individuals face and their memory capacity m allows us to
define a critical group size below which cooperation may thrive, and how this
value depends sensitively on the strength of natural selection.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="background: white;">Individual memory and the emergence of
cooperation</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">João Moreira, Jeromos Vukov, Cláudia Sousa,
Francisco C. Santos, André F. d'Almeida, Marta D. Santos, Jorge M. Pacheco</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Animal Behaviour</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Available online 4 December 2012</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">In Press, Corrected Proof</span><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=a8efc8b590&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #336699; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.10.030</span></a><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Imagen_x0020_6"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Descripción: http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=3716586824&tp=Topic"
style='width:.75pt;height:.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Nacho\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif"
o:title="rv?p=3716586824&tp=Topic"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Descripción: http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=3716586824&tp=Topic" border="0" height="1" src="file:///C:\Users\Nacho\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Imagen_x0020_6" width="1" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=133229a78e&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">See
it on Scoop.it</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">, via </span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=a62e6aec55&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Papers</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-3658182141641566172012-09-12T12:45:00.002-07:002012-09-12T12:45:55.329-07:00<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">A Creation Story for Humanity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Edward O.
Wilson is not afraid to ask big questions—questions that religions, the
creative arts, and philosophy have wrestled with for centuries. What is it that
makes humans what they are? How did our human condition develop? How did nature
give rise to something so unusual as ourselves—a species that feels empathy and
guilt, cares for the old and sick, and tries to intellectually understand
itself and its origins—with our languages, religions, arts, and cultures? With
The Social Conquest of Earth, Wilson endeavors to uncover the creation story of
humanity. (...) Wilson suggests visualizing the evolution of a
species as a journey through a maze presented by the environment, a maze that
can itself change with time. (...) Wilson argues that a multilevel
selection perspective offers the best approach to understanding the human
condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">A Creation Story for
Humanity<br />
Rudolf Griss<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Science 31 August 2012:<br />
Vol. 337 no. 6098 p. 1041<br />
</span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=566c2ed3f1&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1225640</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">On the evolutionary origins of the egalitarian syndrome<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">The
evolutionary emergence of the egalitarian syndrome is one of the most
intriguing unsolved puzzles related to the origins of modern humans. Standard
explanations and models for cooperation and altruism—reciprocity, kin and group
selection, and punishment—are not directly applicable to the emergence of
egalitarian behavior in hierarchically organized groups that characterized the
social life of our ancestors. Here I study an evolutionary model of
group-living individuals competing for resources and reproductive success. In
the model, the differences in fighting abilities lead to the emergence of
hierarchies where stronger individuals take away resources from weaker individuals
and, as a result, have higher reproductive success. (...)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">On the evolutionary origins
of the egalitarian syndrome<br />
Sergey Gavrilets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=bf2e9fa646&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201718109</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">The automatic chemist<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Bartosz
Grzybowski of Northwestern University in Illinois, US – who has already
established himself as one of our most inventive chemists – has unveiled a
‘chemo-informatic’ scheme, Chematica, that can stake a reasonable claim to
being paradigm-changing. Grzybowski and his colleagues have spent years
assembling the transformations that link chemical species into a vast network
that codifies and organises the known pathways through chemical space. The
nodes of the network – molecules, elements and chemical reactions – are linked
together by connecting reactants to products via the nexus of a known reaction.
The full network contains around 7 million compound nodes and about the same
number of reaction nodes. Grzybowski calls it a ‘collective chemical brain’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">The automatic chemist<br />
Philip Ball<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Chemistry World 22
August 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=c1cb779984&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2012/08/automatic-chemist</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Criticality Is an Emergent Property of Genetic Networks that Exhibit
Evolvability<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Dynamically
critical systems are those which operate at the border of a phase transition
between two behavioral regimes often present in complex systems: order and
disorder. Critical systems exhibit remarkable properties such as fast
information processing, collective response to perturbations or the ability to
integrate a wide range of external stimuli without saturation. Recent evidence
indicates that the genetic networks of living cells are dynamically critical.
This has far reaching consequences, for it is at criticality that living
organisms can tolerate a wide range of external fluctuations without changing
the functionality of their phenotypes. Therefore, it is necessary to know how
genetic criticality emerged through evolution. Here we show that dynamical
criticality naturally emerges from the delicate balance between two fundamental
forces of natural selection that make organisms evolve: (i) the existing
phenotypes must be resilient to random mutations, and (ii) new phenotypes must
emerge for the organisms to adapt to new environmental challenges. The joint
effect of these two forces, which are essential for evolvability, is sufficient
in our computational models to generate populations of genetic networks
operating at criticality. Thus, natural selection acting as a tinkerer of
evolvable systems naturally generates critical dynamics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Criticality
Is an Emergent Property of Genetic Networks that Exhibit Evolvability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Christian Torres-Sosa, Sui Huang,
Maximino Aldana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">PLoS Comput Biol 8(9): e1002669. <a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=5999d4dce9&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span style="color: #336699;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002669</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Predatory Fish Select for Coordinated Collective Motion in Virtual Prey<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Movement in
animal groups is highly varied and ranges from seemingly disordered motion in
swarms to coordinated aligned motion in flocks and schools. These social
interactions are often thought to reduce risk from predators, despite a lack of
direct evidence. We investigated risk-related selection for collective motion
by allowing real predators (bluegill sunfish) to hunt mobile virtual prey. By
fusing simulated and real animal behavior, we isolated predator effects while
controlling for confounding factors. Prey with a tendency to be attracted
toward, and to align direction of travel with, near neighbors tended to form
mobile coordinated groups and were rarely attacked. These results demonstrate
that collective motion could evolve as a response to predation, without prey
being able to detect and respond to predators.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Predatory Fish Select for
Coordinated Collective Motion in Virtual Prey<br />
C. C. Ioannou, V. Guttal, I. D. Couzin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Science 7 September 2012:<br />
Vol. 337 no. 6099 pp. 1212-1215<br />
</span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=1dfdb94f1c&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218919</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">ENCODE Project Writes Eulogy for Junk DNA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">This week, 30
research papers, including six in Nature and additional papers published online
by Science, sound the death knell for the idea that our DNA is mostly littered
with useless bases. A decade-long project, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE),
has found that 80% of the human genome serves some purpose, biochemically
speaking. Beyond defining proteins, the DNA bases highlighted by ENCODE specify
landing spots for proteins that influence gene activity, strands of RNA with
myriad roles, or simply places where chemical modifications serve to silence
stretches of our chromosomes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">ENCODE Project Writes
Eulogy for Junk DNA<br />
Elizabeth Pennisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Science 7 September 2012:<br />
Vol. 337 no. 6099 pp. 1159-1161<br />
</span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=bdaa94e3c2&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.337.6099.1159</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">How Culture Drove Human Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The main
questions I've been asking myself over the last couple years are broadly about
how culture drove human evolution. Think back to when humans first got the
capacity for cumulative cultural evolution—and by this I mean the ability for
ideas to accumulate over generations, to get an increasingly complex tool
starting from something simple. One generation adds a few things to it, the
next generation adds a few more things, and the next generation, until it's so
complex that no one in the first generation could have invented it. This was a
really important line in human evolution, and we've begun to pursue this idea
called the cultural brain hypothesis—this is the idea that the real driver in
the expansion of human brains was this growing cumulative body of cultural
information, so that what our brains increasingly got good at was the ability
to acquire information, store, process and retransmit this non genetic body of
information.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f"
stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Imagen_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="Descripción: http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=2590829309&tp=Topic" style='width:.75pt;
height:.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Nacho\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif"
o:title="rv?p=2590829309&tp=Topic"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Descripción: http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=2590829309&tp=Topic" border="0" height="1" src="file:///C:\Users\Nacho\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="Imagen_x0020_4" width="1" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=63f9152838&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">See
it on Scoop.it</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">, via </span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=12249d0218&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Talks</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-88971306629255600682012-08-18T09:51:00.001-07:002012-08-18T10:06:36.511-07:00Osvaldo Reig<br />
<h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">INFATIGABLE. OSVALDO REIG.</span></h2>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Por Ignacio Soto,</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Laboratorio de Evolución, DEGE, FCEN, UBA</span></div>
</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nota publicada originalmente en la revista ADN (</span><a href="http://www.revista-adn.com.ar/">http://www.revista-adn.com.ar</a>)</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
Link a la nota: <a href="http://www.revista-adn.com.ar/2012/08/infatigable-osvaldo-reig.html#more" style="background-color: transparent;">http://www.revista-adn.com.ar/2012/08/infatigable-osvaldo-reig.html#more</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perfil de Osvaldo Reig, uno de los más grandes biólogos evolutivos de nuestro país que supo combinar<b> </b>compromiso político, crítica científica y excelencia académica.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; line-height: 24px; text-align: right;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6U7aZf23eFzWTJAsTVejXQO9d__FSIBmA2yErXBfAEzP3WNGcJtmArfsO9XgNOb5YhaETIt1tYz_Ayq_0uNLfE8BPy8fPyW023Wi7YFVg85KSfsjY7bv2tKN3YdNcvMTQzUYQrSfO7jw/s1600/Osvaldo+Reig.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #6699cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6U7aZf23eFzWTJAsTVejXQO9d__FSIBmA2yErXBfAEzP3WNGcJtmArfsO9XgNOb5YhaETIt1tYz_Ayq_0uNLfE8BPy8fPyW023Wi7YFVg85KSfsjY7bv2tKN3YdNcvMTQzUYQrSfO7jw/s200/Osvaldo+Reig.bmp" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="149" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pasados 20 años desde su fallecimiento, hay generaciones de biólogos y paleontólogos que se formaron sin conocerlo, pero su legado académico y humano se reconoce en multitud de ámbitos apenas se comienza a indagar sobre él. ¿Quién fue ese mentor que enorgullece a sus discípulos y que no dudó en cambiar de disciplina científica en el momento que sintió que su curiosidad no estaba siendo satisfecha? </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono';">
<i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“Por más que sea gratificante alcanzar un deseable reconocimiento internacional, la verdadera satisfacción del científico con su quehacer profesional surgirá cuando su propio país le proporcione legitimidad y arraigo” </i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; text-align: right;">
<i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O.A. Reig, 1992.</i></blockquote>
<div style="font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono';">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; font-size: 18px;">
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Droid Sans Mono'; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Los
biólogos de mi generación no conocimos personalmente a Osvaldo Reig. Para
aquellos que comenzamos a cursar en la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas a finales
de la década del 90, Reig es un nombre en una placa de un aula. En ese sentido,
tan etéreo e inasible como “Amos”, “Leloir” o “Burkart” por nombrar otros
apellidos que custodian lugares de esta Facultad. Entonces, escribir sobre
Osvaldo no responde, en mi caso, a una admiración desarrollada por interacción
con su persona en vida o a querer preservar en escrito vivencias personales que
lo incluyen. Probablemente sea más bien una indagación sobre quien fue ese
científico cuya ausencia tiene tanto de reciente que genera esa incómoda idea
de que fue solo por poco que uno se perdió de conocer. Si hoy rescatamos este nombre
de una placa es porque tiene una vigencia innegable y es una cantera formidable
de conocimiento y principios para aprovechar, pero por sobre todo, por ser un
ejemplo de superación de dificultades. Una persona que siendo reconocida
mundialmente buscaba la legitimidad y el arraigo en su país.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Aquellos
que se adentran en el estudio de la zoología, paleontología o biología
evolutiva, tarde o temprano llegan a su obra. Su pensamiento enseguida rodea y
acompaña a aquellos que indagan sobre el desarrollo de la biología y
paleontología argentina del siglo XX. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt;">
Los aportes
científicos de Reig comenzaron muy tempranamente en su vida. La biblioteca
familiar tenía obras de Darwin y de Ameghino que Osvaldo no tardó en apreciar. De
adolescente fue un aficionado autodidacta de la Paleontología. En 1945, iba a
publicar junto con su amigo Jorge Kraglievich y con tan solo 16 años su primer
trabajo científico, una descripción de un carpincho fósil, en las Notas del
Museo de la Plata. Por la misma época era expulsado del Colegio Nacional Buenos
Aires por sus cuestionamientos al autoritarismo del gobierno local y el
fascismo europeo. Esta dinámica entre logros científicos y avatares políticos
será una constante que lo acompañará por el resto de sus días.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt;">
Reig comenzó los
estudios universitarios en 1950 en la Universidad de La Plata, pero no pudo
completarlos allí. Su militancia progresista le había significado maltratos,
persecuciones, cárcel y torturas. A los dos años se estaba yendo a Buenos Aires
a trabajar en el Museo Argentino Bernardino Rivadavia y retomar brevemente sus
estudios, ahora en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Su
crecimiento profesional continuará firme. En 1955 reporta un descubrimiento de
gran relevancia. Analizando la morfología dentaria y otras características
esqueletarias concluye que el marsupial conocido como Monito del Monte (<i>Dromiciops australis</i>), habitante de
nuestros bosques patagónicos, pertenecía al grupo de los<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">microbiotéridos</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">, descriptos por<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Florentino Ameghino</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"> y considerado un grupo
de mamíferos marsupiales extintos hacía millones de años. La Argentina tenía su
propio fósil viviente. Por otro lado, sus estudios sobre anuros fósiles del
género <i>Nothobatrachus</i>, de los más
antiguos conocidos en ese momento, le brinda un mayor prestigio internacional.
En 1957 es electo Presidente de la<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Asociación Paleontológica
Argentina</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">. Esta consolidación de su reputación como
paleontólogo, lejos de anquilosarlo, lo lleva a ampliar sus investigaciones. Es
un convencido de que el estudio de los fósiles es incompleto si no incluye un
marco más amplio brindado por la biología evolutiva. Cuando en 1959 discute en
Holmbergia si la Paleontología pertenece al campo de la Biología o de la
Geología (él era un acérrimo defensor de lo primero) se encarga de aclarar que
no es una discusión meramente formal. Entendía que era un problema que debía
encararse ya que “<i>de la adecuada
resolución de este litigio de pertenencia depende la médula racional, el
fundamento conceptual necesario para un adecuado planteo de los objetivos del
trabajo del investigador interesado por los organismos del pasado</i>.” Años
más tarde definiría como enriquecedor y gratificante el “salto” de la
Paleontología hacia la Genética Evolutiva aunque lo percibió más bien como una
integración de enfoques: “<i>exigida por la
propia dinámica de la maduración de mi indagación sobre los procesos evolutivos</i>”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt;">
El otro aspecto
relevante para apreciar la obra de Reig es su faceta de fundador de grupos de
investigación. En 1958, con un cargo de Profesor en la Universidad de Tucumán
funda, en el<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">Instituto Fundación Miguel Lillo</span>,
el Laboratorio de Vertebrados Fósiles y en paralelo uno de herpetología. Organiza con Galileo Scaglia expediciones a
Ischigualasto, San Juan, con la colaboración de varios paleontólogos del país
entre los que se encontraba José Bonaparte que luego continuará con esa labor.
Estas expediciones ponen al Valle de la Luna en el mapa de la paleontología
mundial aportando valiosos datos sobre la fase temprana de la evolución de los
dinosaurios y preservando muchos especímenes de campañas norteamericanas a la
misma zona que sacaban del país a los fósiles encontrados.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0cm 6pt;">
En 1960 es contratado
por la Universidad de Buenos Aires y vuelve a la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
como Profesor. Su trabajo en la FCEyN, en el Departamento de Ciencias
Biológicas, se centrará en estudios evolutivos de los mamíferos sudamericanos.
En 1961 gana por concurso un cargo de Profesor Titular a pesar de no contar con
un título de grado y gracias a sus evidentes méritos científicos (el famoso
paleontólogo George Gaylord Simpson formaba parte del jurado). En 1962 funda el
LIHUBA, Laboratorio de Investigaciones Herpetológicas de la Universidad de
Buenos Aires, y en 1963 comienza a coordinar el grupo de Biología Evolutiva de
Vertebrados en el Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. La Genética y Ecología
de Poblaciones comienzan a ser el campo central de sus investigaciones. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">No
estuvo ajeno a una de las etapas más tristes de la historia de la ciencia
argentina. Mientras se encontraba en una estadía de investigación en Harvard,
en nuestro país se desataba el golpe del 66 y la Noche de los Bastones Largos.
Osvaldo Reig renuncia a su cargo de profesor y deja todo su equipo atrás para
exiliarse en Venezuela. En la Universidad Central de Venezuela organizará el Grupo
de Evolución y Citogenética. También comenzara estudios en Chile donde organizará
y, de 1972 a 1973, será el director del Instituto de Genética y Evolución de la
Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Austral. Allí estudiaba a los ratones de
campo y los tuco-tucos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Osvaldo
se doctoró en 1973 en Londres (Área de Zoología y Paleontología, Facultad de
Ciencias, University College of London) sin haber terminado una licenciatura en
su país natal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Pa3" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Al regresar a Chile otra vez la
política atentará contra su trabajo. El presidente Allende es derrocado en un
golpe militar. El perfil de Reig, su militancia, lo pone en la mira del nuevo
gobierno. Es secuestrado y encarcelado y su vida realmente corre peligro. Solo
la presión y gestión internacional permite su liberación. Vuelve a la Argentina
y a la UBA con un cargo en la FCEyN pero nuestro país no es ajeno a la
turbulencia política y Osvaldo sentirá el hostigamiento también aquí. Estando
en un congreso en México se entera de que el rector interventor Ottalagano lo
había echado de la UBA. Ni siquiera regresa a Buenos Aires y vuela directamente
a Venezuela, donde es cordialmente recibido por sus colegas pero se enfrenta a
un nuevo exilio. Primero en la Universidad de Los Andes en Mérida y luego en la
Universidad Simón Bolívar de Caracas, Reig continuará con sus líneas de investigación.
Sus estudios en roedores y marsupiales sobre especiación y su correlato con la
evolución cromosómica cobran un gran desarrollo. Es uno de los científicos que
acompaña los replanteos a algunos postulados básicos de la Síntesis Moderna. Su
amistad con Mario Bunge y la enriquecedora influencia de la filósofa Estela
Santilli, su mujer y compañera en la vida itinerante, hicieron que siempre
fueran muy fuertes sus inquietudes epistemológicas. En uno de sus escritos
podemos leer de su propio puño: “Las preocupaciones epistemológicas, los
intentos de clasificación de las ciencias, deben valorarse como temas cuyo
desarrollo es altamente beneficioso y necesario para el desenvolvimiento de las
investigaciones; para encontrar sentido y objetivos a las tareas del científico
que, desvinculadas de los intentos interpretativos y de la correcta
delimitación de metas, pueden perder jerarquía y desvanecerse en el juego fácil
de lo rutinario, en las autosuficiencias de lo meramente analítico y
clasificatorio.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Pa3" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Así Reig suma a su quehacer
paleontológico y genético la reflexión sobre los enfoques reduccionistas en la
biología evolutiva y sobre la realidad de las especies biológicas. Asimismo,
empieza a considerar a la variabilidad que se encuentra entre los individuos de
una misma especie como un tópico central para la comprensión de los fenómenos
evolutivos. Sus resultados iban a ser discutidos con los de las grandes figuras
de la biología evolutiva de esas décadas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Pa3" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Por esos tiempos entiende que
necesita incorporar otro modelo más para terminar de complementar sus líneas de
investigación. Así el paleontólogo/mastozoólogo/herpetólogo incorpora a las
moscas del género <i>Drosophila</i> como
modelo genético evolutivo de sus investigaciones. Por sus características
biológicas, estos insectos le permitían la experimentación y puesta a prueba de
hipótesis sobre especiación y evolución como ningún otro de sus objetos de
estudio. Pero incluso con este modelo clásico tendrá una vuelta de tuerca. Las
especies de <i>Drosophila</i> que comienza a
estudiar son un grupo particular de moscas neotropicales especializadas en la
explotación de los cactus como medio de cría. En otras palabras, un modelo
genético clásico e internacional pero <i>aggiornado
</i>a problemáticas y eventos biológicos con interés regional. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Volverá
a nuestro país en 1983, luego del restablecimiento del orden democrático, como
miembro superior del </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Consejo Nacional de
Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">(CONICET).
Originalmente regresa con un proyecto para hacerse cargo, reorganizar y modernizar el Museo Argentino
de Ciencias Naturales. Si bien cuenta con el apoyo de las autoridades
nacionales, algunos sectores conservadores y de la Iglesia Católica montan una
campaña mediática (algunos recuerdan a Magdalena Ruiz Guiñazu arengando
indignada desde su programa de radio) para que Reig no se instale en el Museo. Finalmente
estos sectores se impondrán y otro proyecto de Reig quedará trunco. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">La
consolidación de tiempos democráticos no significa el cese de la hostilidad por
parte de otros colegas. Se instalará finalmente en la facultad de Ciencias
Exactas y Naturales de la UBA, donde organiza el Grupo de Investigación en
Biología Evolutiva (GIBE) para continuar con sus investigaciones en genética y
ecología evolutiva. Los estudios incluirán sus diversos modelos animales, desde
tuco-tucos y primates neotropicales hasta las moscas del género <i>Drosophila</i>. Aquí también, quizás por
representar vientos de cambio, tendrá que confrontar y sufrir la interacción
con los resabios académicos que sobrevivieron los años oscuros del
Proceso. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">1986
resulta un año que delinea de manera muy interesante lo que fue parte de su
vida. En un mundo bipolar, ordenado por las tensiones de la Guerra Fría, se
puede decir que todos los bloques involuntariamente consensuan reconocer la
carrera de Reig de manera simultánea. La Academia de Ciencias de la Unión
Soviética lo nombra Miembro Honorario mientras que la Academia Nacional de
Ciencias de Estados Unidos lo acepta como Miembro Asociado Extranjero. Como si
fuera poco, la Academia de Ciencias del Tercer Mundo también lo nombrará
miembro. Triple reconocimiento en un mundo dividido. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">La
cosecha de reconocimientos continuará. En 1989 la Universidad Autónoma de
Barcelona le otorga el título de Doctor Honoris Causa y la Universidad de
Buenos Aires lo hará en 1991. Un año después la Universidad Simón Bolívar lo
nombrará Profesor Honorario.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Algunos
pasajes de su discurso de aceptación del título en la Universidad de Barcelona
son fieles resúmenes de cuáles fueron sus motivaciones y principios durante su
carrera científica: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">“<i>Ahora está claro que la comprensión de los
procesos evolutivos presupone la ampliación permanente del contexto teórico y
el trabajo multidisciplinario y en equipo. Eso exige deponer la adhesión a
cotos de investigación excluyentes. (…) Habrá siempre quienes se resientan a
abandonar los privilegios que presupone practicar una disciplina que pretende
ser autosuficiente. Siempre existirán los que traten de explicar mucho con lo
poco que saben. El verdadero científico será siempre, empero, aquel que
reconoce los límites de su saber, y que sabe convocar el conocimiento ajeno. (…)
No hay nada más distante de los enunciados de la ciencia que las afirmaciones
apodícticas de certeza, ni nada más contradictorio con la actitud científica
que el fundamentalismo y el infabilismo.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Osvaldo
Reig fue un biólogo evolutivo que hizo ciencia de calidad en los contextos más
adversos que podemos imaginar. Exiliado y perseguido, su éxodo dejó un
semillero de laboratorios y grupos de trabajo en la Patria Grande. Las
condiciones políticas lo expulsaron dos veces de nuestra Facultad pero terminó
establecido en ella, trabajando a la vanguardia de la biología evolutiva. Su
legado está en todos lados. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Hoy,
a más de 20 años de planteadas, los laboratorios del GIBE y de Evolución en el
Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución continúan respondiendo,
desarrollando y ampliando las preguntas de Osvaldo sobre especiación, genética
y ecología evolutiva. Osvaldo Reig estableció el dictado de Evolución,
Macroevolución y, junto a la Dra Ana Báez, Sistemática Teórica en la carrera de
Biología. Siempre consideró que Evolución debía ser una materia básica de la
carrera. Algunos de sus becarios y tesistas son ahora investigadores y
profesores de esta Facultad y sus ex alumnos son aún más numerosos. Para
muestra basta un botón. El Dr. Hernán Dopazo volvió al país el año pasado y
ahora dirige el Laboratorio de Genómica Biomédica y Evolución en el
Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Hernán hizo su tesina de
licenciatura en el GIBE de Reig y fue ayudante en sus materias. Consultado
sobre sus experiencias directas con su mentor rescata el privilegio que le
significó las charlas que entablaban de regreso a sus hogares después de dar
clase. Lo considera un maestro porque generaba y transmitía rigor de
pensamiento en quienes formó. “Era un gigante”- explica Hernán- “No volví a
encontrar una persona así en todos los años de carrera que hice”.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Nunca
se quedó quieto, nunca se “acomodó” en un tema. No hizo la plancha. No se
conformó. Hace 20 años moría Osvaldo Reig.
Este 14 de agosto hubiera cumplido 83 años. Nos deja mucho más que Ischigualasto,
el Monito del Monte como fósil viviente, <i>Nothobatrachus</i>,
dinosaurios, la biología evolutiva argentina hermanada a su paleontología,
ideas sobre el origen de las especies, reflexiones sobre el cómo hacer ciencia
y como no hacerla, sobre el despotismo y el abuso del poder, líneas de
investigación, decenas de investigadores formados y un ejemplo de compromiso
real con las convicciones personales. Sus
campos fueron la paleontología, la biología evolutiva, la genética, la
sistemática y la biogeografía. Pero con una
producción académica de excelencia sus aportes más valiosos quizás no se puedan
buscar en <i>papers</i>. El autodenominado
“biólogo itinerante” nos dejó una hoja de ruta formidable. Admirador de
Ameghino y trabajador incansable, trasmitió la importancia del rigor en cada
aspecto de la construcción del conocimiento. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">A
veces las placas guardan nombres ilustres que trasmiten solemnidad y respeto. A
veces no mucho más que eso. Pero cada tanto, el bronce atrapa aunque sea el
nombre de gente infatigable, buscadores de verdades, de fósiles, ratones o
moscas. Esa gente que años más tarde, a quienes no lo conocimos, todavía nos da
la sensación de que nos lo perdimos por poco. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Agradecimientos:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Quiero
agradecer al Dr Hernán Dopazo y al Dr. Esteban Hasson por facilitarme
experiencias y anécdotas y al Dr. Raúl Gómez por las contribuciones
bibliográficas.<span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Bibliografía
consultada (y recomendada para profundizar el tema):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Quintana
C.A. 2012. Conociendo a nuestros científicos. Osvaldo Alfredo Reig. Pp 42.
Ediciones ULP, Argentina. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Reig,
OA. 1959. Acerca de la ubicación de los estudios paleontológicos. <i>Holmbergia </i>15(4):19-45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">Reig,
OA. 1989. Doctor Honoris Causa. Discurso leído en la ceremonia de investidura.
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Barcelona. Bellaterra.<span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-86164193984243257002012-08-18T09:38:00.000-07:002012-08-18T09:38:19.471-07:00<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Surprising finding: Tree's
leaves genetically different from its roots<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br />
</span><img src="http://img.scoop.it/fde4ALvp0yGrCnpOJCVowjl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBV9ip2J1EIeUzA9paTSgKmv" />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Black cottonwood trees
(Populus trichocarpa) can clone themselves to produce offspring that are
connected to their parents by the same root system. Now, after the first
genome-wide analysis of a tree, it turns out that the connected clones have
many genetic differences, even between tissues from the top and bottom of a
single tree. The variation within a tree is as great as the variation across
unrelated trees. Such somatic mutations — those that occur in cells other than sperm
or eggs — are familiar to horticulturalists, who have long bred new plant
varieties by grafting mutant branches onto ‘normal’ stocks. But until now, no
one has catalogued the total number of somatic mutations in an individual
plant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">In one tree, the top buds
of the parent and offspring were genetically closer to each other than to their
respective roots or lower branches. In another tree, the top bud was closer to
the reference cottonwood genome than to any of the other tissues from the same
individual.The tissue-specific mutations affected mainly genes involved in cell
death, immune responses, metabolism, DNA binding and cell communication. Olds
think that this may be because many of the mutations are harmful, and the tree
reacts by destroying the mutated tissues or altering its metabolic pathways and
the way it controls its genes, which leads to further mutations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">The findings have parallels
to cancer studies, which have recently shown that separate parts of the same
tumor can evolve independently and build up distinct genetic mutations, meaning
that single biopsies give only a narrow view of the tumor’s diversity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Human cycles: History as
science<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<img src="https://d2q0qd5iz04n9u.cloudfront.net/_ssl/proxy.php/http/img.scoop.it/PY8Xp5Gy_XiCIKypyzdZZjl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBV9ip2J1EIeUzA9paTSgKmv" />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">For the past 15 years,
Turchin has been taking the mathematical techniques that once allowed him to
track predator–prey cycles in forest ecosystems, and applying them to human
history. He has analysed historical records on economic activity, demographic
trends and outbursts of violence in the United States, and has come to the
conclusion that a new wave of internal strife is already on its way1. The peak
should occur in about 2020, he says, and will probably be at least as high as
the one in around 1970. “I hope it won't be as bad as 1870,” he adds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Human cycles: History as
science<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Laura Spinney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Nature 488, 24–26 (02
August 2012) </span><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/488024a" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #336699; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/488024a</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Inescapable Pull<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Black holes, once the
preserve of theory and science fiction, are well-established inhabitants of the
universe. Observations of the motions of stars orbiting the center of the Milky
Way have proved beyond doubt that a black hole 4 million times as massive as
the Sun resides there. Many other galaxies are thought to host similarly heavy
or even heavier black holes at their centers. Scattered out beyond the center,
there are thought to be millions of lighter, stellar-mass black holes, produced
when the most massive stars collapse in on themselves at the end of their
lives. This week, Science explores the current state of understanding of black
holes with a series of Perspectives and Reviews.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Inescapable Pull<br />
Maria Cruz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Science 3 August 2012:<br />
Vol. 337 no. 6094 p. 535<br />
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.337.6094.535" target="_blank"><span style="color: #336699;">http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.337.6094.535</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Measuring the Complexity of
Ultra-Large-Scale Evolutionary Systems<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Ultra-large scale (ULS)
systems are becoming pervasive. They are inherently complex, which makes their
design and control a challenge for traditional methods. Here we propose the
design and analysis of ULS systems using measures of complexity, emergence,
self-organization, and homeostasis based on information theory. We evaluate the
proposal with a ULS computing system provided with genetic adaptation
mechanisms. We show the evolution of the system with stable and also changing
workload, using different fitness functions. When the adaptive plan forces the
system to converge to a predefined performance level, the nodes may result in
highly unstable configurations, that correspond to a high variance in time of
the measured complexity. Conversely, if the adaptive plan is less
"aggressive", the system may be more stable, but the optimal performance
may not be achieved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Measuring the Complexity of
Ultra-Large-Scale Evolutionary Systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Michele Amoretti, Carlos Gershenson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6656" target="_blank"><span style="color: #336699;">http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6656</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Some Computational Aspects
of Essential Properties of Evolution and Life<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">While evolution has
inspired algorithmic methods of heuristic optimisation, little has been done in
the way of using concepts of computation to advance our understanding of
salient aspects of biological phenomena. We argue that under reasonable
assumptions, interesting conclusions can be drawn that are of relevance to
behavioural evolution. We will focus on two important features of
life--robustness and fitness--which, we will argue, are related to algorithmic
probability and to the thermodynamics of computation, disciplines that may be
capable of modelling key features of living organisms, and which can be used in
formulating new algorithms of evolutionary computation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Some Computational Aspects
of Essential Properties of Evolution and Life<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Hector Zenil, James A.R.
Marshall<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=ca33ef63a1&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span style="color: #336699;">http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.0375</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Why We Lie<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<img src="http://img.scoop.it/MUy1tAbUW3kkIVM63YqxIzl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBV9ip2J1EIeUzA9paTSgKmv" /> <span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Over the past decade or so,
my colleagues and I have taken a close look at why people cheat, using a
variety of experiments and looking at a panoply of unique data sets—from
insurance claims to employment histories to the treatment records of doctors
and dentists. What we have found, in a nutshell: Everybody has the capacity to
be dishonest, and almost everybody cheats—just by a little. Except for a few
outliers at the top and bottom, the behavior of almost everyone is driven by
two opposing motivations. On the one hand, we want to benefit from cheating and
get as much money and glory as possible; on the other hand, we want to view
ourselves as honest, honorable people. Sadly, it is this kind of small-scale
mass cheating, not the high-profile cases, that is most corrosive to society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #303030; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 19.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Introducing the Computable
Universe<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Some contemporary views of
the universe assume information and computation to be key in understanding and
explaining the basic structure underpinning physical reality. We introduce the
Computable Universe exploring some of the basic arguments giving foundation to
these visions. We will focus on the algorithmic and quantum aspects, and how
these may fit and support the computable universe hypothesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Introducing the Computable Universe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Hector Zenil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;"><a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=5e8d6e863d&e=0e77df2adc" target="_blank"><span style="color: #336699;">http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.0376</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-67516502716063095612012-05-12T08:52:00.000-07:002012-05-12T08:52:10.761-07:00Compilado AZyNE 12/5<br />
<h2 class="yiv1613526177mc-toc-title" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Arial; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
Peopling the planet</h2>
<img border="0" src="http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=1715910327&tp=Topic" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #505050; display: inline; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;" /><img border="0" src="http://img.scoop.it/kHsdzmIG6EbSiDXnoMCa3Dl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBV9ip2J1EIeUzA9paTSgKmv" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #505050; display: inline; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;" /><div id="yui_3_2_0_1_1336829146122929" style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
Few question the idea that modern humans are all emigrants from Africa. But when their journey began, when it ended and what they did along the way makes for a deepening mystery, explored in this issue of Nature.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
Nature 485, 23 (03 May 2012) <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/485023a?utm_source=Complexity+Digest&utm_campaign=6215a37477-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/485023a</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="yiv1613526177mc-toc-title" style="color: #303030; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Rise and Demise of Bioinformatics? Promise and Progress</h2>
<img border="0" src="http://www.scoop.it/rv?p=1715908643&tp=Topic" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><div id="yui_3_2_0_1_1336829146122981" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
The field of bioinformatics and computational biology has gone through a number of transformations during the past 15 years, establishing itself as a key component of new biology. This spectacular growth has been challenged by a number of disruptive changes in science and technology. Despite the apparent fatigue of the linguistic use of the term itself, bioinformatics has grown perhaps to a point beyond recognition. We explore both historical aspects and future trends and argue that as the field expands, key questions remain unanswered and acquire new meaning while at the same time the range of applications is widening to cover an ever increasing number of biological disciplines. These trends appear to be pointing to a redefinition of certain objectives, milestones, and possibly the field itself.</div>
<div style="line-height: 21px;">
</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Ouzounis CA (2012) Rise and Demise of Bioinformatics? Promise and Progress. PLoS Comput Biol 8(4): e1002487. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002487?utm_source=Complexity+Digest&utm_campaign=6215a37477-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002487</a></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<h2 class="yiv1946522756mc-toc-title" style="color: #303030; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Sexual selection enables long-term coexistence despite ecological equivalence</h2>
<img border="0" height="1" id="yiv1946522756a34b827b-a187-402c-9fff-6fabacc17fcc" src="http://ar.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f22%5f2003%5fANXTi2IAAGHxT5tbKQ6FNGcBLcY&pid=2.7&fid=Complejidad&inline=1&appid=YahooMailNeo" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="1" /><div id="yui_3_2_0_1_13368291461221057" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Empirical data indicate that sexual preferences are critical for maintaining species boundaries, yet theoretical work has suggested that, on their own, they can have only a minimal role in maintaining biodiversity. This is because long-term coexistence within overlapping ranges is thought to be unlikely in the absence of ecological differentiation9. Here we challenge this widely held view by generalizing a standard model of sexual selection to include two ubiquitous features of populations with sexual selection: spatial variation in local carrying capacity, and mate-search costs in females.</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Sexual selection enables long-term coexistence despite ecological equivalence</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Leithen K. M’Gonigle, Rupert Mazzucco, Sarah P. Otto & Ulf Dieckmann<br /><em>Nature</em> 484, 506–509 (26 April 2012) <a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=7ad63ff21f&e=0e77df2adc" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10971</a></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<h2 class="yiv1946522756mc-toc-title" style="color: #303030; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Controversial research: Good science bad science</h2>
<img border="0" height="1" id="yiv19465227568e2f4f6b-c07c-4e39-90ba-6c09f4293de8" src="http://ar.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f22%5f2003%5fANXTi2IAAGHxT5tbKQ6FNGcBLcY&pid=2.9&fid=Complejidad&inline=1&appid=YahooMailNeo" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="1" /><br style="line-height: 21px;" /><div id="yui_3_2_0_1_13368291461221108" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
It sounds like a great idea: experimentally mutate a rare but deadly virus so that scientists can do a better job of recognizing dangerous emerging strains. But it also sounds like a terrible idea — the studies could create a virus that is easier to transmit and produce findings that are useful to bioterrorists.</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Controversial research: Good science bad science</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Geoff Brumfiel</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<em>Nature</em> 484, 432–434 (26 April 2012) <a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=b3a7d296b8&e=0e77df2adc" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/484432a</a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="yiv1946522756mc-toc-title" style="color: #303030; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
The Emergence of Modularity in Biological Systems</h2>
<img border="0" height="1" id="yiv1946522756ebfbf574-82eb-4264-9c4f-b4dbb7f73d19" src="http://ar.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f22%5f2003%5fANXTi2IAAGHxT5tbKQ6FNGcBLcY&pid=2.15&fid=Complejidad&inline=1&appid=YahooMailNeo" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="1" /><div id="yui_3_2_0_1_13368291461221111" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
In this review, we discuss modularity and hierarchy in biological systems. We review examples from protein structure, genetics, and biological networks of modular partitioning of the geometry of biological space. We review theories to explain modular organization of biology, with a focus on explaining how biology may spontaneously organize to a structured form. That is, we seek to explain how biology nucleated from among the many possibilities in chemistry.</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
The Emergence of Modularity in Biological Systems</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Dirk M. Lorenz, Alice Jeng, Michael W. Deem</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="http://unam.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0eb0ac9b4e8565f2967a8304b&id=d543a93c28&e=0e77df2adc" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;" target="_blank">http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.5999</a></div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="yiv1583210772mc-toc-title" style="color: #303030; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Origins of evolution: Non-acquired characters dominates over acquired characters in changing environment</h2>
<img border="0" height="1" id="yiv158321077220f757b4-560d-43b2-8438-c0554e690e66" src="http://ar.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f22%5f3954%5fANTTi2IAAIlkT5I3UQ0c8BeQKCw&pid=2.27&fid=Complejidad&inline=1&appid=YahooMailNeo" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="1" /><br style="line-height: 21px;" /><div id="yui_3_2_0_1_13368291461221236" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
We explored competition between acquired (AQ) versus non-acquired (NAQ) character inheritance. We established that NAQ evolution rule is dominating in case of changing environment.</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Origins of evolution: Non-acquired characters dominates over acquired characters in changing environment. Cédric Gaucherel, Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen. <em>Journal of Theoretical Biology </em>Volume 304, 7 July 2012, Pages 111–120. </div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<h2 class="yiv1023744915mc-toc-title" id="yui_3_2_0_1_13368291461221355" style="color: #303030; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Beyond Turing's Machines</h2>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
In marking Alan Turing's centenary, it's worth asking what was his most fundamental achievement and what he left for future science to take up when he took his own life in 1954. His success in World War II, as the chief scientific figure in the British cryptographic effort, with hands-on responsibility for the Atlantic naval conflict, had a great and immediate impact. But in its ever-growing influence since that time, the principle of the universal machine, which Turing published in 1937, beats even this.</div>
<div style="line-height: 21px;">
</div>
<div id="yui_3_2_0_1_13368291461221373" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Beyond Turing's Machines<br />Andrew Hodges</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Science 13 April 2012: Vol. 336 no. 6078 pp. 163-164<br /><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218417" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218417</a></div>
<br />
<br style="line-height: 21px;" /><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #505050; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
</div>
<h2 class="yiv1023744915mc-toc-title" style="color: #303030; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Dusting Off the Turing Test</h2>
<div id="yui_3_2_0_1_13368291461221378" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Hold up both hands and spread your fingers apart. Now put your palms together and fold your two middle fingers down till the knuckles on both fingers touch each other. While holding this position, one after the other, open and close each pair of opposing fingers by an inch or so. Notice anything? Of course you did. But could a computer without a body and without human experiences ever answer that question or a million others like it? And even if recent revolutionary advances in collecting, storing, retrieving, and analyzing data lead to such a computer, would this machine qualify as “intelligent”?</div>
<div style="line-height: 21px;">
</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Dusting Off the Turing Test<br />Robert M. French</div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Science 13 April 2012: Vol. 336 no. 6078 pp. 164-165<br /><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218350" rel="nofollow" style="color: #336699; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218350</a></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<h2 class="yiv1023744915mc-toc-title" style="color: #303030; font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Artificial Intelligence Could Be on Brink of Passing Turing Test</h2>
<img border="0" height="408" id="yiv102374491502b0d72a-18f8-4ca2-b164-000b55ffb81a" src="http://ar.mg6.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f22%5f6005%5fANXTi2IAAN45T4gQeAZfXmPnj5g&pid=2.25&fid=Complejidad&inline=1&appid=YahooMailNeo" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; height: auto !important; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 558px !important; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="561" /><br style="line-height: 21px;" /><div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
One hundred years after Alan Turing was born, his eponymous test remains an elusive benchmark for artificial intelligence. Now, for the first time in decades, it’s possible to imagine a machine making the grade.</div>
<div id="yui_3_2_0_1_13368291461221379" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Turing was one of the 20th century’s great mathematicians, a conceptual architect of modern computing whose codebreaking played a decisive part in World War II. His test, described in a seminal dawn-of-the-computer-age paper, was deceptively simple: If a machine could pass for human in conversation, the machine could be considered intelligent.</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><br />
<br />Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-41667690943422567192012-03-20T06:58:00.002-07:002012-03-20T07:00:55.655-07:00Compilado AZyNE 20/3<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=arXiv"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">arXiv</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Excerpt:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> Biological evolution is a complex blend of ever changing structural stability, variability and emergence of new phenotypes, niches, ecosystems. We wish to argue that the evolution of life marks the end of a physics world view of law entailed dynamics. Our considerations depend upon discussing the variability of the very "contexts of life": the interactions between organisms, biological niches and ecosystems. These are ever changing, intrinsically indeterminate and even unprestatable: we do not know ahead of time the "niches" which constitute the boundary conditions on selection. More generally, by the mathematical unprestatability of the "phase space" (space of possibilities), no laws of motion can be formulated for evolution. </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">We call this radical emergence, from life to life. (…)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.2069" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">, Giuseppe Longo and Maël Montévil and Stuart Kauffman, arXiv:1201.2069, 2012/01/10<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">What is your favorite deep, elegant, or beautiful explanation?, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=edge.org"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">edge.org</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Excerpt:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> Since this question is about explanation, answers may embrace scientific thinking in the broadest sense: as the most reliable way of gaining knowledge about anything, including other fields of inquiry such as philosophy, mathematics, economics, history, political theory, literary theory, or the human spirit. The only requirement is that some simple and non-obvious idea explain some diverse and complicated set of phenomena. </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[192 contributors]</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://edge.org/annual-question/what-is-your-favorite-deep-elegant-or-beautiful-explanation" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">What is your favorite deep, elegant, or beautiful explanation?</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">, edge.org, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">Drew Berry: Animations of unseeable biology, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">TED.com</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">About this talk:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> We have no ways to directly observe molecules and what they do -- Drew Berry wants to change that. At TEDxSydney he shows his scientifically accurate (and entertaining!) animations that help researchers see unseeable processes within our own cells.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/drew_berry_animations_of_unseeable_biology.html" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Drew Berry: Animations of unseeable biology</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">, TED.com, 2012/01<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">VIDEO - <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/drew_berry_animations_of_unseeable_biology.html"><span style="color:#003366">Watch this talk</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">Natural selection: A concept in need of some evolution?, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Complexity"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Complexity</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Abstract:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> In some respects natural selection is a quite simple theory, arrived at through the logical integration of three propositions (the presence of variation within natural populations, an absolutely limited resources base, and procreation capacities exceeding mere replacement numbers) whose individual truths can hardly be denied. Its relation to the larger subject of evolution, however, remains problematic. It is suggested here thata scaling-down of the meaning of natural selection to “the elimination of the unfit,” as originally intended by Alfred Russel Wallace (1823</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">��</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">"1913), might ultimately prove a more effective means of relating it to larger-scale, longer-term, evolutionary processes.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplx.20387" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Natural selection: A concept in need of some evolution?</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">, Charles H. Smith, DOI: 10.1002/cplx.20387, Complexity Volume 17, Issue 3, pages 8</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language: ES-AR">��</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">"17,, 2012/01-02<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">Evolution of increased complexity in a molecular machine, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Nature"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Nature</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Excerpt:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> Many cellular processes are carried out by molecular ‘machines’</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">��</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">"assemblies of multiple differentiated proteins that physically interact to execute biological functions. Despite much speculation, strong evidence of the mechanisms by which these assemblies evolved is lacking. Here we use ancestral gene resurrectionand manipulative genetic experiments to determine how the complexity of an essential molecular machine (…) increased hundreds of millions of years ago. (…) Our experiments show that increased complexity in an essential molecular machine evolved because of simple, high-probability evolutionary processes, without the apparent evolution of novel functions. They point to a plausible mechanism for the evolution of complexity in other multi-paralogue protein complexes.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10724" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Evolution of increased complexity in a molecular machine</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">, Gregory C. Finnigan, Victor Hanson-Smith, Tom H. Stevens & Joseph W. Thornton, DOI: 10.1038/nature10724, Nature 481, 360</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">��</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">"364, 2012/01/9<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">Schelling, Hegel, and Evolutionary Progress, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Perspectives+on+Science"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Perspectives on Science</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Abstract:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> This article presents Schelling's claim that nature has an evolutionary process and Hegel's response that nature is the development of the concept. It then examines whether evolution is progressive. This article argues that, insofar as a notion of progress is conceptually ineliminatable from evolutionary biology or required to articulate the shape of life's history, progress should be viewed as constitutive.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/POSC_a_00058" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Schelling, Hegel, and Evolutionary Progress</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ES-AR">, J. M. Fritzman and Molly Gibson, DOI: 10.1162/POSC_a_00058, Perspectives on ScienceVol. </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">20, No. 1, Spring 2012: 105-128, 2012/01/19<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/topic.php?id_article=35361"><span style="color:#003366">Discuss Article in Forum</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">Predictability of Evolutionary Trajectories in Fitness Landscapes, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=PLoS+Comput+Biol"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">PLoS Comput Biol</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Excerpt:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> Is evolution deterministic, hence predictable, or stochastic, that is unpredictable? What would happen if one could “replay the tape of evolution”: will the outcomes of evolution be completely different or is evolution so constrained that history will be repeated? Arguably, these questions are among the most intriguing and most difficult in evolutionary biology. In other words, the predictability of evolution depends on the fraction of the trajectories on fitness landscapes that are accessible for evolutionary exploration.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002302" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Predictability of Evolutionary Trajectories in Fitness Landscapes</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">, Alexander E. Lobkovsky, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002302, PLoS Comput Biol 7(12): e1002302, 2011/12/15<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">Antonio Damasio: The quest to understand consciousness, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">TED.com</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">About this talk:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> Every morning we wake up and regain consciousness -- that is a marvelous fact -- but what exactly is it that we regain? Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio uses this simple question to give us a glimpse into how our brains create our sense of self.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/antonio_damasio_the_quest_to_understand_consciousness.html" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Antonio Damasio: The quest to understand consciousness</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">, TED.com, 2011/12<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">VIDEO - <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/antonio_damasio_the_quest_to_understand_consciousness.html"><span style="color:#003366">Watch this talk</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">The Diversity Paradox: How Nature Resolves an Evolutionary Dilemma, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=arXiv"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">arXiv</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Excerpt:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> Adaptation to changing environments is a hallmark of biological systems. Diversity in traits is necessary for adaptation and can influence the survival of a population faced with novelty. In habitats that remain stable over many generations, stabilizing selection reduces trait differences within populations, thereby appearing to remove the diversity needed for heritable adaptive responses in new environments. Paradoxically, field studies have documented numerous populations under long periods of stabilizing selection and evolutionary stasis that have rapidly evolved under changed environmental conditions. In this article, we review how cryptic genetic variation (CGV) resolves this diversity paradox by allowing populations in a stable environment to gradually accumulate hidden genetic diversity that is revealed as trait differences when environments change. </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">(…)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3115" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Diversity Paradox: How Nature Resolves an Evolutionary Dilemma</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">, James M. Whitacre and Sergei P. Atamas, arXiv:1112.3115, 2011/12/14<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">Impact of epistasis and pleiotropy on evolutionary adaptation, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Proc.+R.+Soc.+B"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Proc. R. Soc. B</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Excerpt:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> Evolutionary adaptation is often likened to climbing a hill or peak. While this process is simple for fitness landscapes where mutations are independent, the interaction between mutations (epistasis) as well as mutations at loci that affect more than one trait (pleiotropy) are crucial in complex and realistic fitness landscapes.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0870" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Impact of epistasis and pleiotropy on evolutionary adaptation</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">, Østman B, Hintze A, Adami C, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0870, Proc. R. Soc. </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language: ES-AR">B vol. 279 no. 1727: 247-256, December 2011<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; ">Energetics and the evolution of human brain size, </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Nature"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Nature</span></a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Excerpt:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "> The human brain stands out among mammals by being unusually large. The expensive-tissue hypothesis1 explains its evolution by proposing a trade-off between the size of the brain and that of the digestive tract, which is smaller than expected for a primate of our body size. Although this hypothesis is widely accepted, empirical support so far has been equivocal. Here we test it in a sample of 100 mammalian species, including 23 primates, by analysing brain size and organ mass data. We found that, controlling for fat-free body mass, brain size is not negatively correlated with the mass of the digestive tract or any other expensive organ, thus refuting the expensive-tissue hypothesis.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ES-AR"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">Source:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10629" target="new"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#003366;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Energetics and the evolution of human brain size</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ES-AR">, Ana Navarrete, Carel P. van Schaik & Karin Isler, DOI: 10.1038/nature10629, Nature 480, 91</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">��</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ES-AR">"93, 2011/12/01<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-41717885972863807622011-12-28T13:48:00.001-08:002011-12-28T13:48:56.235-08:00Compilado AZyNE 28-12<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">To Group or Not to Group?, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Summary:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> The phenomenon of cooperation between potentially competing individuals raises an interesting question related to evolution: Why should a competitor favor someone else's fitness at the expense of its own? One way to approach this question is through insights on how cooperation and population structure coevolve.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1209548" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">To Group or Not to Group?</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Eörs Szathmáry, DOI: 10.1126/science.1209548, Science Vol. 334 no. 6063 pp. 1648-1649, 2011/12/23</span></li></ul><p><br /></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></h3> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Antonio Damasio: The quest to understand consciousness, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Every morning we wake up and regain consciousness -- that is a marvelous fact -- but what exactly is it that we regain? Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio uses this simple question to give us a glimpse into how our brains create our sense of self.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/antonio_damasio_the_quest_to_understand_consciousness.html" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Antonio Damasio: The quest to understand consciousness</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/12</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">VIDEO - <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/antonio_damasio_the_quest_to_understand_consciousness.html" color="red">Watch this talk</a></li></ul><p><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Evolution and development of Brain Networks: From Caenorhabditis elegans to Homo sapiens, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=arXiv"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">arXiv</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Neural networks show a progressive increase in complexity during the time course of evolution. From diffuse nerve nets in Cnidaria to modular, hierarchical systems in macaque and humans, there is a gradual shift from simple processes involving a limited amount of tasks and modalities to complex functional and behavioral processing integrating different kinds of information from highly specialized tissue. However, studies in a range of species suggest that fundamental similarities, in spatial and topological features as well as in developmental mechanisms for network formation, are retained across evolution. 'Small-world' topology and highly connected regions (hubs) are prevalent across the evolutionary scale, ensuring efficient processing and resilience to internal (e.g. lesions) and external (e.g. environment) changes. Furthermore, in most species, even the establishment of hubs, long-range connections linking distant components, and a modular organization, relies on similar mechanisms. In conclusion, evolutionary divergence leads to greater complexity while following essential developmental constraints.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.5449" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Evolution and development of Brain Networks: From Caenorhabditis elegans to Homo sapiens</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Marcus Kaiser and Sreedevi Varier, arXiv:1112.5449, 2011/12/22</span></li></ul><p><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">The Diversity Paradox: How Nature Resolves an Evolutionary Dilemma, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=arXiv"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">arXiv</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Adaptation to changing environments is a hallmark of biological systems. Diversity in traits is necessary for adaptation and can influence the survival of a population faced with novelty. In habitats that remain stable over many generations, stabilizing selection reduces trait differences within populations, thereby appearing to remove the diversity needed for heritable adaptive responses in new environments. Paradoxically, field studies have documented numerous populations under long periods of stabilizing selection and evolutionary stasis that have rapidly evolved under changed environmental conditions. In this article, we review how cryptic genetic variation (CGV) resolves this diversity paradox by allowing populations in a stable environment to gradually accumulate hidden genetic diversity that is revealed as trait differences when environments change. </span>(…)</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3115" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">The Diversity Paradox: How Nature Resolves an Evolutionary Dilemma</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, James M. Whitacre and Sergei P. Atamas, arXiv:1112.3115, 2011/12/14</span></li></ul><p><br /></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Facing Complexity: Prediction vs. Adaptation, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=arXiv"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">arXiv</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> One of the presuppositions of science since the times of Galileo, Newton, Laplace, and Descartes has been the predictability of the world. This idea has strongly influenced scientific and technological models. However, in recent decades, chaos and complexity have shown that not every phenomenon is predictable, even if it is deterministic. If a problem space is predictable, in theory we can find a solution via optimization. Nevertheless, if a problem space is not predictable, or it changes too fast, very probably optimization will offer obsolete solutions. This occurs often when the immediate solution affects the problem itself. An alternative is found in adaptation. An adaptive system will be able to find by itself new solutions for unforeseen situations.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em>Source:</em> <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3843" target="new">Facing Complexity: Prediction vs. Adaptation</a>, Carlos Gershenson, arXiv:1112.3843, 2011/12/16</li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-10472107833171932522011-12-12T05:50:00.000-08:002011-12-12T05:51:30.219-08:00Compilado AZyNE 12-12<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> </span> </h3> <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Cheryl Hayashi studies spider silk, one of nature's most high-performance materials. Each species of spider can make up to 7 very different kinds of silk. How do they do it? Hayashi explains at the DNA level -- then shows us how this super-strong, super-flexible material can inspire.</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/cheryl_hayashi_the_magnificence_of_spider_silk.html" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/12</span></li><li class="MsoNormal">VIDEO - <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/cheryl_hayashi_the_magnificence_of_spider_silk.html" color="red">Watch this talk</a></li></ul> <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Impact of epistasis and pleiotropy on evolutionary adaptation, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Proc.+R.+Soc.+B"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Proc. R. Soc. B</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span> <span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Evolutionary adaptation is often likened to climbing a hill or peak. While this process is simple for fitness landscapes where mutations are independent, the interaction between mutations (epistasis) as well as mutations at loci that affect more than one trait (pleiotropy) are crucial in complex and realistic fitness landscapes.</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0870" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Impact of epistasis and pleiotropy on evolutionary adaptation</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Østman B, Hintze A, Adami C, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0870, Proc. R. Soc. </span>B vol. 279 no. 1727: 247-256, December 2011</li></ul> <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"> </p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Energetics and the evolution of human brain size, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Nature"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Nature</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> </span> <span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> The human brain stands out among mammals by being unusually large. The expensive-tissue hypothesis1 explains its evolution by proposing a trade-off between the size of the brain and that of the digestive tract, which is smaller than expected for a primate of our body size. Although this hypothesis is widely accepted, empirical support so far has been equivocal. Here we test it in a sample of 100 mammalian species, including 23 primates, by analysing brain size and organ mass data. We found that, controlling for fat-free body mass, brain size is not negatively correlated with the mass of the digestive tract or any other expensive organ, thus refuting the expensive-tissue hypothesis.</span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10629" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Energetics and the evolution of human brain size</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Ana Navarrete, Carel P. van Schaik & Karin Isler, DOI: 10.1038/nature10629, Nature 480, 91</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">�</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">"93, 2011/12/01</span></li></ul>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-4221909181520298112011-11-25T14:27:00.000-08:002011-11-25T14:28:27.133-08:00Compilado AZyNE 25-11<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Lynn Margulis 1938-2011 "Gaia Is A Tough Bitch", </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Edge.org"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Edge.org</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Biologist Lynn Margulis died on November 22nd. She stood out from her colleagues in that she would have extended evolutionary studies nearly four billion years back in time. Her major work was in cell evolution, in which the great event was the appearance of the eukaryotic, or nucleated, cell </span>�<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">" the cell upon which all larger life-forms are based. Nearly forty-five years ago, she argued for its symbiotic origin: that it arose by associations of different kinds of bacteria. Her ideas were generally either ignored or ridiculed when she first proposed them; symbiosis in cell evolution is now considered one of the great scientific breakthroughs.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://edge.org/conversation/lynn-margulis1938-2011" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Lynn Margulis 1938-2011 "Gaia Is A Tough Bitch"</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, John Brockman, Edge.org, 2011/11/23</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">The role of sex separation in neutral speciation, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=arXiv"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">arXiv</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Neutral speciation mechanisms based on isolation by distance and sexual selection, termed topopatric, have recently been shown to describe the observed patterns of abundance distributions and species-area relationships. Previous works have considered this type of process only in the context of hermaphrodic populations. In this work we extend a hermaphroditic model of topopatric speciation to populations where individuals are explicitly separated into males and females. We show that for a particular carrying capacity speciation occurs under similar conditions, but the number of species generated decreases as compared to the hermaphroditic case. </span>Evolution results in fewer species having more abundant populations.</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.4643" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">The role of sex separation in neutral speciation</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Elizabeth M. Baptestini, Marcus A.M. de Aguiar, Yaneer Bar-Yam, arXiv:1111.4643, 2011/11/20</span></li></ul> <h3> </h3> <h3><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Evolutionary Time Travel, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Summary:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> With clever and challenging lab experiments, researchers are forcing species to become multicellular, develop new energy sources, and start having sex.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.334.6058.893" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Evolutionary Time Travel</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Elizabeth Pennisi, DOI: 10.1126/science.334.6058.893, Science Vol. 334 no. 6058 pp. 893-895, 2011/11/18</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-54011243248357800122011-11-12T12:15:00.000-08:002011-11-12T12:18:05.704-08:00Compilado AZyNE 12-11<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Social Network Size Affects Neural Circuits in Macaques, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> It has been suggested that variation in brain structure correlates with the sizes of individuals’ social networks. Whether variation in social network size causes variation in brain structure, however, is unknown. To address this question, we neuroimaged 23 monkeys that had been living in social groups set to different sizes. Subject comparison revealed that living in larger groups caused increases in gray matter in mid-superior temporal sulcus and rostral prefrontal cortex and increased coupling of activity in frontal and temporal cortex. Social network size, therefore, contributes to changes both in brain structure and function. The changes have potential implications for an animal’s success in a social context; gray matter differences in similar areas were also correlated with each animal’s dominance within its social network.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em>Source:</em> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1210027" target="new">Social Network Size Affects Neural Circuits in Macaques</a>, J. Sallet, DOI: 10.1126/science.1210027, Science Vol. 334 no. 6056 pp. 697-700, 2011/11/4</li></ul><p><br /></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></h3> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Evolutionary biology: The path to sociality, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Nature"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Nature</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> (…) some hints about the sequence of events that led to the evolution of human social systems are emerging. The latest evidence comes from Shultz et al.1, who (…) trace the evolution of complex sociality within the order Primates. Their data provide a strong foundation for modelling the origins of hominid mating systems by constraining the range of likely trajectories of social change.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/479182a" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Evolutionary biology: The path to sociality</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Joan B. Silk, DOI: 10.1038/479182a, Nature 479, 182</span><span style="Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";" >�</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">"183, 2011/11/9</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Stepwise evolution of stable sociality in primates, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Nature"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Nature</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> (…) This supports suggestions that social living may arise because of increased predation risk associated with diurnal activity. Sociality based on loose aggregation is followed by a second shift to stable or bonded groups. This structuring facilitates the evolution of cooperative behaviours5 and may provide the scaffold for other distinctive anthropoid traits including coalition formation, cooperative resource defence and large brains.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em>Source:</em> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10601" target="new">Stepwise evolution of stable sociality in primates</a>, Susanne Shultz, Christopher Opie & Quentin D. Atkinson, DOI: 10.1038/nature10601, Nature 479, 219<span style="Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";" >�</span>"222, 2011/11/9</li></ul><p><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></em></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Martin Hanczyc: The line between life and not-life, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> In his lab, Martin Hanczyc makes "protocells," experimental blobs of chemicals that behave like living cells. His work demonstrates how life might have first occurred on Earth ... and perhaps elsewhere too.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/martin_hanczyc_the_line_between_life_and_not_life.html" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Martin Hanczyc: The line between life and not-life</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/11</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">VIDEO - <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/martin_hanczyc_the_line_between_life_and_not_life.html" color="red">Watch this talk</a></li></ul><p><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Neuroscientist Daniel Wolpert starts from a surprising premise: the brain evolved, not to think or feel, but to control movement. In this entertaining, data-rich talk he gives us a glimpse into how the brain creates the grace and agility of human motion.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_wolpert_the_real_reason_for_brains.html" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Daniel Wolpert: The real reason for brains</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/11</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><br /><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></em></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Mathematics: Alice in time, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Nature"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Nature</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Time haunts both Alice books. Lewis Carroll, author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871), was also Charles Dodgson, mathematician and logician, and so was aware of the disturbing arguments, new in the mid-nineteenth century, that suggested our view of the geometry of space and time was not universal.<br />As Dodgson, he was a devout Euclidean, believing that planes are flat and parallel lines never meet. </span>As Lewis Carroll, he stepped across those boundaries.</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/479038a" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Mathematics: Alice in time</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Gillian Beer, DOI: 10.1038/479038a, Nature 479, 38</span><span style="Arial Unicode MS"font-family:";" >�</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">"39, 2011/11/2</span></li></ul>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-15774101040164805512011-11-09T05:38:00.000-08:002011-11-09T05:38:17.931-08:00Mental problems gave early humans an edge - life - 07 November 2011 - New Scientist<a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228372.000-mental-problems-gave-early-humans-an-edge.html?page=3">Mental problems gave early humans an edge - life - 07 November 2011 - New Scientist</a>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-89018838982227599082011-10-31T12:22:00.000-07:002011-10-31T12:25:10.077-07:00Compilado AZyNE 31-10<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Dynamical modeling of collective behavior from pigeon flight data: flock cohesion and dispersion, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=arXiv"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">arXiv</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Several models of flocking have been promoted based on simulations with qualitatively naturalistic behavior. In this paper we provide the first direct application of computational modeling methods to infer flocking behavior from experimental field data. We show that this approach is able to infer general rules for interaction, or lack of interaction, among members of a flock or, more generally, any community. Using experimental field measurements of homing pigeons in flight we demonstrate the existence of a basic distance dependent attraction/repulsion relationship and show that this rule is sufficient to explain collective behavior observed in nature.<br /></span><em>See Also:</em> <a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/article.php?id_article=33408">Hierarchical group dynamics in pigeon flocks</a></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1110.1739" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Dynamical modeling of collective behavior from pigeon flight data: flock cohesion and dispersion</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Graciano Dieck Kattas, Xiao-Ke Xu and Michael Small, arXiv:1110.1739, 2011/10/8</span></li></ul> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></h3><br /><br /> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Stuart Kauffman - The End Of A Physics Worldview: Heraclitus and the Watershed of Life, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=NECSI"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">NECSI</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> At the dawn of Western philosophy and science, some 2,700 years ago, Heraclitus, declared that, "the world bubbles forth." There is, in this fragment of thought, a natural magic, a creativity beyond the entailing laws of modern physics. I believe Heraclitus was right about the evolution of the biosphere and human life. We live beyond entailing law in a natural magic we co-create.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://necsi.edu/video/kauffman.html" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Stuart Kauffman - The End Of A Physics Worldview: Heraclitus and the Watershed of Life</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, NECSI Seminar, 2011/10/19</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt">VIDEO - <a href="http://necsi.edu/video/kauffman.html" color="red">Watch this seminar</a></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify"><br /></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Bombings, beheadings? Stats show a peaceful world, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Physorg.com"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Physorg.com</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Yes, thousands of people have died in bloody unrest from Africa to Pakistan, while terrorists plot bombings and kidnappings. Wars drag on in Iraq and Afghanistan. In peaceful Norway, a man massacred 69 youths in July. In Mexico, headless bodies turn up, victims of drug cartels. This month eight people died in a shooting in a California hair salon.<br />Yet, historically, we've never had it this peaceful.<br />That's the thesis of three new books, including one by prominent Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker. Statistics reveal dramatic reductions in war deaths, family violence, racism, rape, murder and all sorts of mayhem.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-10-beheadings-stats-peaceful-world.html" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Bombings, beheadings? Stats show a peaceful world</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Seth Borenstein, Physorg.com, 2011/10/22</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Evolution of Networks for Body Plan Patterning; Interplay of Modularity, Robustness and Evolvability, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=PLoS+Comput+Biol"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">PLoS Comput Biol</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> An important question in evolutionary developmental biology is how the complex organisms we see around us have evolved, and how this complexity is encoded in their DNA. An often heard statement is that the gene regulatory networks underlying developmental processes are modular; that is, different functions are carried out by largely independent network parts. It is argued that this network modularity allows both for robust functioning and evolutionary tinkering, and that selection thus produces modular networks. Here we use a simulation model for the evolution of animal body plan patterning to investigate these ideas. </span>(…)</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002208" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Evolution of Networks for Body Plan Patterning; Interplay of Modularity, Robustness and Evolvability</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Kirsten H. ten Tusscher, Paulien Hogeweg, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002208, PLoS Comput Biol 7(10): e1002208, 2011/10/6</span></li></ul> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3><h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">10 Unsolved Mysteries, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Scientific+American"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Scientific American</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> 1. How Did Life Begin?<br />2. How Do Molecules Form?<br />3. How Does the Environment Influence Our Genes?<br />4. How Does the Brain Think and Form Memories?<br />5. How Many Elements Exist?<br />6. Can Computers Be Made Out of Carbon?<br />7. How Do We Tap More Solar Energy?<br />8. What Is the Best Way to Make Biofuels?<br />9. Can We Devise New Ways to Create Drugs?<br /></span>10. Can We Continuously Monitor Our Own Chemistry?</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=10-unsolved-mysteries" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">10 Unsolved Mysteries</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Philip Ball, Scientific American, 2011/10</span></li></ul> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3><h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">What we learned from 5 million books, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Have you played with Google Labs' Ngram Viewer? It's an addicting tool that lets you search for words and ideas in a database of 5 million books from across centuries. Erez Lieberman Aiden and Jean-Baptiste Michel show us how it works, and a few of the surprising things we can learn from 500 billion words.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/what_we_learned_from_5_million_books.html" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">What we learned from 5 million books</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/09</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:18.0pt;text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3><h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Change and Aging Senescence as an Adaptation, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=PLoS+ONE"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">PLoS ONE</span></a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Understanding why we age is a long-lived open problem in evolutionary biology. Aging is prejudicial to the individual, and evolutionary forces should prevent it, but many species show signs of senescence as individuals age. Here, I will propose a model for aging based on assumptions that are compatible with evolutionary theory.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024328" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Change and Aging Senescence as an Adaptation</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Martins ACR, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024328, PLoS ONE 6(9): e24328, September 2011</span></li></ul> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3><h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Diurnal and Seasonal Mood Vary with Work, Sleep, and Daylength Across Diverse Cultures, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> We identified individual-level diurnal and seasonal mood rhythms in cultures across the globe, using data from millions of public Twitter messages. We found that individuals awaken in a good mood that deteriorates as the day progresses</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"">�</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">"which is consistent with the effects of sleep and circadian rhythm</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"">�</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">"and that seasonal change in baseline positive affect varies with change in daylength. People are happier on weekends, but the morning peak in positive affect is delayed by 2 hours, which suggests that people awaken later on weekends.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1202775" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Diurnal and Seasonal Mood Vary with Work, Sleep, and Daylength Across Diverse Cultures</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Scott A. Golder, Michael W. Macy, DOI: 10.1126/science.1202775, Science Vol. 333 no. 6051 pp. 1878-1881, 2011/09/30</span></li></ul> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3><h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Neutrality in evolutionary algorithms… What do we know?, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Evolving+Systems"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Evolving Systems</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> <span lang="EN-GB"></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Over the last years, the effects of neutrality have attracted the attention of many researchers in the Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) community. A mutation from one gene to another is considered as neutral if this modification does not affect the phenotype. This article provides a general overview on the work carried out on neutrality in EAs. Using as a framework the origin of neutrality and its study in different paradigms of EAs (e.g., Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming), we discuss the most significant works and findings on this topic. This work points towards open issues, which we belive the community needs to address.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12530-011-9030-5" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Neutrality in evolutionary algorithms… What do we know?</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Edgar Galván-López, Riccardo Poli, Ahmed Kattan, Michael O’Neill and Anthony Brabazon, DOI: 10.1007/s12530-011-9030-5, Evolving Systems Volume 2, Number 3, 145-163, 2011/09</span></li></ul> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3><h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">A Geometric Approach to Complexity, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=SFI+Working+Papers"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">SFI Working Papers</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> We develop a geometric approach to complexity based on the principle that complexity requires interactions at different scales of description. Complex systems are more than the sum of their parts of any size, and not just more than the sum of their elements. Using information geometry, we therefore analyze the decomposition of a system in terms of an interaction hierarchy. In mathematical terms, we present a theory of complexity measures for finite random fields using the geometric framework of hierarchies of exponential families. Within our framework, previously proposed complexity measures find their natural place and gain a new interpretation.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo10;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.santafe.edu/research/working-papers/abstract/a729021273bbd2aef54459f7d25ce07e/" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">A Geometric Approach to Complexity</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Nihat Ay, Eckehard Olbrich, Nils Bertschinger, Jürgen Jost, DOI: SFI-WP 11-08-039, SFI Working Papers</span></li></ul> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3><h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Lee Cronin: Making matter come alive, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Before life existed on Earth, there was just matter, inorganic dead "stuff." How improbable is it that life arose? And -- could it use a different type of chemistry? Using an elegant definition of life (anything that can evolve), chemist Lee Cronin is exploring this question by attempting to create a fully inorganic cell using a "Lego kit" of inorganic molecules -- no carbon -- that can assemble, replicate and compete.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/lee_cronin_making_matter_come_alive.html" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Lee Cronin: Making matter come alive</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/09</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list 36.0pt">VIDEO - <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/lee_cronin_making_matter_come_alive.html" color="red">Watch this talk</a></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify"> </p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Edward Tenner: Unintended consequences, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Every new invention changes the world -- in ways both intentional and unexpected. Historian Edward Tenner tells stories that illustrate the under-appreciated gap between our ability to innovate and our ability to foresee the consequences.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo12;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/edward_tenner_unintended_consequences.html" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Edward Tenner: Unintended consequences</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/09</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo12;tab-stops:list 36.0pt">VIDEO - <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/edward_tenner_unintended_consequences.html" color="red">Watch this talk</a></li></ul> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]-->Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-18997486914898563182011-08-26T14:53:00.001-07:002011-08-26T14:53:42.853-07:00Compilado AZyNE 20-08<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Harnessed: How Language and Music Mimicked Nature and Transformed Ape to Man, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=BenBella+Books"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">BenBella Books</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Summary:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Cognitive scientist Changizi demonstrates that human speech has been very specifically "designed" to harness the sounds of nature, sounds we've evolved over millions of years to readily understand. Long before humans evolved, mammals have learned to interpret the sounds of nature to understand both threats and opportunities. Our speech-regardless of language-is very clearly based on the sounds of nature. Even more fascinating, Changizi shows that music itself is based on natural sounds. Music-seemingly one of the most human of inventions-is literally built on sounds and patterns of sound that have existed since the beginning of time.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/1935618539/ref=as_li_tf_til?tag=compldiges-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as1&creativeASIN=1935618539&adid=0KJXEG6830XFKA33S4WH&" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Harnessed: How Language and Music Mimicked Nature and Transformed Ape to Man</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Mark Changizi, BenBella Books, 2011/08/02</span></li></ul> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Nest Inheritance Is the Missing Source of Direct Fitness in a Primitively Eusocial Insect, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Animals that cooperate with nonrelatives represent a challenge to inclusive fitness theory, unless cooperative behavior is shown to provide direct fitness benefits. Inheritance of breeding resources could provide such benefits, but this route to cooperation has been little investigated in the social insects. We show that nest inheritance can explain the presence of unrelated helpers in a classic social insect model, the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes dominulus. We found that subordinate helpers produced more direct offspring than lone breeders, some while still subordinate but most after inheriting the dominant position. Thus, while indirect fitness obtained through helping relatives has been the dominant paradigm for understanding eusociality in insects, direct fitness is vital to explain cooperation in P. dominulus.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1205140" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Nest Inheritance Is the Missing Source of Direct Fitness in a Primitively Eusocial Insect</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Ellouise Leadbeater, Jonathan M. Carruthers, Jonathan P. Green, Neil S. Rosser, Jeremy Field, DOI: 10.1126/science.1205140, Science Vol. 333 no. 6044 pp. 874-876, 2011/08/12</span></li></ul> <h3><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">The ten grand challenges of synthetic life, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Systems+and+Synthetic+Biology"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Systems and Synthetic Biology</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> The construction of artificial life is one of the main scientific challenges of the Synthetic Biology era. Advances in DNA synthesis and a better understanding of regulatory processes make the goal of constructing the first artificial cell a realistic possibility. This would be both a fundamental scientific milestone and a starting point of a vast range of applications, from biofuel production to drug design. However, several major issues might hamper the objective of achieving an artificial cell. From the bottom-up to the selection-based strategies, this work encompasses the ten grand challenges synthetic biologists will have to be aware of in order to cope with the task of creating life in the lab.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11693-011-9084-5" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">The ten grand challenges of synthetic life</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Manuel Porcar, Antoine Danchin, Victor de Lorenzo, Vitor A. dos Santos, Natalio Krasnogor, Steen Rasmussen and Andrés Moya, DOI: 10.1007/s11693-011-9084-5, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Online First, 2011/08/05</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-18931225099607777362011-07-20T15:13:00.000-07:002011-07-20T15:14:19.112-07:00Compilado AZyNE 20-07<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Ten Simple Rules for Building and Maintaining a Scientific Reputation, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=PLoS+Comput+Biol"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">PLoS Comput Biol</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Rule 1: Think Before You Act<br />Rule 2: Do Not Ignore Criticism<br />Rule 3: Do Not Ignore People<br />Rule 4: Diligently Check Everything You Publish and Take Publishing Seriously<br />Rule 5: Always Declare Conflicts of Interest<br />Rule 6: Do Your Share for the CommunityRule<br />Rule 7: Do Not Commit to Tasks You Cannot Complete<br />Rule 8: Do Not Write Poor Reviews of Grants and Papers<br />Rule 9: Do Not Write References for People Who Do Not Deserve It<br />Rule 10: Never Plagiarize or Doctor Your Data</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002108" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Ten Simple Rules for Building and Maintaining a Scientific Reputation</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Philip E. Bourne, Virginia Barbour, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002108, PLoS Comput Biol 7(6): e1002108., 2011/06/30</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">A Universe of Galaxies, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> It wasn't until the 1920s that astronomers realized that there were other galaxies in the universe besides our own. (...) Nowadays there is no doubt that the universe extends well beyond the confines of the Milky Way and that our galaxy is just one among many. Telescopes much more powerful than those used by Hubble have produced ever-larger and more comprehensive surveys of galaxies. The detailed understanding of our galaxy has also evolved dramatically.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em>Source:</em> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.333.6039.169" target="new">A Universe of Galaxies</a>, Maria Cruz, Robert Coontz, DOI: 10.1126/science.333.6039.169, Science Vol. 333 no. 6039 p. 169, 2011/07/08</li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Running with the Red Queen: Host-Parasite Coevolution Selects for Biparental Sex, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Most organisms reproduce through outcrossing, even though it comes with substantial costs. The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that selection from coevolving pathogens facilitates the persistence of outcrossing despite these costs. We used experimental coevolution to test the Red Queen hypothesis and found that coevolution with a bacterial pathogen (Serratia marcescens) resulted in significantly more outcrossing in mixed mating experimental populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, we found that coevolution with the pathogen rapidly drove obligately selfing populations to extinction, whereas outcrossing populations persisted through reciprocal coevolution. Thus, consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis, coevolving pathogens can select for biparental sex.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; text-align:justify;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1206360" target="new"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Running with the Red Queen: Host-Parasite Coevolution Selects for Biparental Sex</span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">, Levi T. Morran, Olivia G. Schmidt, Ian A. Gelarden, Raymond C. Parrish II, Curtis M. Lively, DOI: 10.1126/science.1206360, Science Vol. 333 no. 6039 pp. 216-218, 2011/07/08</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-44456204900944102742011-03-30T11:21:00.000-07:002011-03-30T11:22:45.538-07:00Compilado AZyNE 30-03<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Co-Residence Patterns in Hunter-Gatherer Societies Show Unique Human Social Structure, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Contemporary humans exhibit spectacular biological success derived from cumulative culture and cooperation. The origins of these traits may be related to our ancestral group structure. Because humans lived as foragers for 95% of our species’ history, we analyzed co-residence patterns among 32 present-day foraging societies (total n = 5067 individuals, mean experienced band size = 28.2 adults). We found that hunter-gatherers display a unique social structure where (i) either sex may disperse or remain in their natal group, (ii) adult brothers and sisters often co-reside, and (iii) most individuals in residential groups are genetically unrelated. These patterns produce large interaction networks of unrelated adults and suggest that inclusive fitness cannot explain extensive cooperation in hunter-gatherer bands. However, large social networks may help to explain why humans evolved capacities for social learning that resulted in cumulative culture.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1199071" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Co-Residence Patterns in Hunter-Gatherer Societies Show Unique Human Social Structure</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Kim R. Hill, Robert S. Walker, Miran Božičević, James Eder, Thomas Headland, Barry Hewlett, A. Magdalena Hurtado, Frank Marlowe, Polly Wiessner, and Brian Wood, DOI: 10.1126/science.1199071, Science Vol. 331 no. 6022 pp. 1286-1289, 2011/03/11</span></li></ul><br /> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Danny Hillis: Understanding cancer through proteomics, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Danny Hills makes a case for the next frontier of cancer research: proteomics, the study of proteins in the body. As Hillis explains it, genomics shows us a list of the ingredients of the body -- while proteomics shows us what those ingredients produce. Understanding what's going on in your body at the protein level may lead to a new understanding of how cancer happens.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/danny_hillis_two_frontiers_of_cancer_treatment.html" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Danny Hillis: Understanding cancer through proteomics</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/03</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">VIDEO - <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/danny_hillis_two_frontiers_of_cancer_treatment.html" color="red">Watch this talk</a></li></ul><br /> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Deb Roy: The birth of a word, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> MIT researcher Deb Roy wanted to understand how his infant son learned language -- so he wired up his house with videocameras to catch every moment (with exceptions) of his son's life, then parsed 90,000 hours of home video to watch "gaaaa" slowly turn into "water." Astonishing, data-rich research with deep implications for how we learn.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/deb_roy_the_birth_of_a_word.html" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Deb Roy: The birth of a word</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/03</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">VIDEO - <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/deb_roy_the_birth_of_a_word.html" color="red">Watch this talk</a></li></ul><br /> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Nature"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Nature</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Palaeontologists characterize mass extinctions as times when the Earth loses more than three-quarters of its species in a geologically short interval, as has happened only five times in the past 540</span><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">million years or so. Biologists now suggest that a sixth mass extinction may be under way, given the known species losses over the past few centuries and millennia. Here we review how differences between fossil and modern data and the addition of recently available palaeontological information influence our understanding of the current extinction crisis. Our results confirm that current extinction rates are higher than would be expected from the fossil record, highlighting the need for effective conservation measures.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09678" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Anthony D. Barnosky, Nicholas Matzke, Susumu Tomiya, Guinevere O. U. Wogan, Brian Swartz, Tiago B. Quental, Charles Marshall, Jenny L. McGuire, Emily L. Lindsey, Kaitlin C. Maguire, Ben Mersey & Elizabeth A. Ferrer, DOI: 10.1038/nature09678, Nature 471, 51</span><span style=";font-family:";" >�</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">"57, 2011/03/03</span></li></ul><br /> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Nonlinear deterministic equations in biological evolution, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=arXiv"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">arXiv</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> We review models of biological evolution in which the population frequency changes deterministically with time. If the population is self-replicating, although the equations for simple prototypes can be linearised, nonlinear equations arise in many complex situations. For sexual populations, even in the simplest setting, the equations are necessarily nonlinear due to the mixing of the parental genetic material. The solutions of such nonlinear equations display interesting features such as multiple equilibria and phase transitions. We mainly discuss those models for which an analytical understanding of such nonlinear equations is available.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.0097" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Nonlinear deterministic equations in biological evolution</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Kavita Jain and Sarada Seetharaman, arXiv:1103.0097, 2011/03/01</span></li></ul><br /> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=arXiv"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">arXiv</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Background: Human populations during the last 10,000 years have undergone rapid decreases in average brain size as measured by endocranial volume or as estimated from linear measurements of the cranium. A null hypothesis to explain the evolution of brain size is that reductions result from genetic correlation of brain size with body mass or stature.<br />Results: The absolute change of endocranial volume in the study samples was significantly greater than would be predicted from observed changes in body mass or stature.<br />Conclusions: The evolution of smaller brains in many recent human populations must have resulted from selection upon brain size itself or on other features more highly correlated with brain size than are gross body dimensions. This selection may have resulted from energetic or nutritional demands in Holocene populations, or to life history constraints on brain development.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1102.5604" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Selection for smaller brains in Holocene human evolution</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, John Hawks, arXiv:1102.5604, 2011/02/28</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-58983568460567413312011-01-29T06:57:00.000-08:002011-01-29T06:59:52.850-08:00Compilado AZyNE 29-01<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">The Newest Synthesis: Understanding the Interplay of Evolutionary and Ecological Dynamics, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> The effect of ecological change on evolution has long been a focus of scientific research. The reverse</span><span style=";font-family:";" >�</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">"how evolutionary dynamics affect ecological traits</span><span style=";font-family:";" >�</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">"has only recently captured our attention, however, with the realization that evolution can occur over ecological time scales. This newly highlighted causal direction and the implied feedback loop</span><span style=";font-family:";" >�</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">"eco-evolutionary dynamics</span><span style=";font-family:";" >�</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">"is invigorating both ecologists and evolutionists and blurring the distinction between them.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1193954" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">The Newest Synthesis: Understanding the Interplay of Evolutionary and Ecological Dynamics</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Thomas W. Schoener, DOI: 10.1126/science.1193954, Science Vol. 331 no. 6016 pp. 426-429, 2011/01/28</span></li></ul><br /> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Swarm intelligence in plant roots, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Trends in Ecology & Evolution</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> (...) swarm intelligence occurs when two or more individuals independently, or at least partly independently, acquire information that is processed through social interactions and is used to solve a cognitive problem in a way that would be impossible for isolated individuals. We propose at least one example of swarm intelligence in plants: coordination of individual roots in complex root systems.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.09.003" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Swarm intelligence in plant roots</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, František Baluška, Simcha Lev-Yadun, Stefano Mancuso, DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.09.003, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 25, Issue 12, 682-683, 2010/12</span></li></ul><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Primitive agriculture in a social amoeba, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Nature"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Nature</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Here we show that the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has a primitive farming symbiosis that includes dispersal and prudent harvesting of the crop. About one-third of wild-collected clones engage in husbandry of bacteria. Instead of consuming all bacteria in their patch, they stop feeding early and incorporate bacteria into their fruiting bodies. They then carry bacteria during spore dispersal and can seed a new food crop, which is a major advantage if edible bacteria are lacking at the new site.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09668" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Primitive agriculture in a social amoeba</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Debra A. Brock, Tracy E. Douglas, David C. Queller & Joan E. Strassmann, DOI: 10.1038/nature09668, Nature 469, 393</span><span style=";font-family:";" >�</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">"396, 2011/01/19</span></li></ul><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Infectious moods: How bugs control your mind, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=New+Scientist"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">New Scientist</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Now it seems the immune system, and infections that stimulate it, can influence our moods, memory and ability to learn. Some strange behaviours, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, may be triggered by infections, and the immune system may even shape our basic personalities, such as how anxious or impulsive we are.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/special/infectious-moods?DCMP=NLC-nletter&nsref=infectious" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Infectious moods: How bugs control your mind</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, New Scientist, 2011/01/12</span></li></ul><br /><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Morphological change in machines accelerates the evolution of robust behavior, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=PNAS"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">PNAS</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Most animals exhibit significant neurological and morphological change throughout their lifetime. No robots to date, however, grow new morphological structure while behaving. This is due to technological limitations but also because it is unclear that morphological change provides a benefit to the acquisition of robust behavior in machines. Here I show that in evolving populations of simulated robots, if robots grow from anguilliform into legged robots during their lifetime in the early stages of evolution, and the anguilliform body plan is gradually lost during later stages of evolution, gaits are evolved for the final, legged form of the robot more rapidly</span><span style=";font-family:";" >�</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">"and the evolved gaits are more robust</span><span style=";font-family:";" >�</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">"compared to evolving populations of legged robots that do not transition through the anguilliform body plan.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015390108" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Morphological change in machines accelerates the evolution of robust behavior</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Josh Bongard, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015390108, PNAS Published online before print, 2011/01/10</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">VIDEO - </span><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2011/01/05/1015390108.DCSupplemental/SM08.wmv" color="red"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">A typical gait discovered for the hexapod when it experiences ontogenetic and topological change: It transitions from the legless form into an upright legged form over its lifetime.</span></a></li></ul><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Complexity through Recombination: From Chemistry to Biology, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Entropy"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Entropy</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Recombination is a common event in nature, with examples in physics, chemistry, and biology. This process is characterized by the spontaneous reorganization of structural units to form new entities. Upon reorganization, the complexity of the overall system can change. In particular the components of the system can now experience a new response to externally applied selection criteria, such that the evolutionary trajectory of the system is altered. The link between chemical and biological forms of recombination is explored. (...) The results underscore the importance of recombination in the origins of life on the Earth and its subsequent evolutionary divergence.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1544-6115.1371" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Complexity through Recombination: From Chemistry to Biology</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Niles Lehman et al., DOI: 10.3390/e13010017, Entropy, vol. 13, issue 1, pages 17-37, 2011/01/01</span></li></ul><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Mating strategies in primates: A game theoretical approach to infanticide, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Journal of Theoretical Biology</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Excerpt:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Infanticide by newly immigrated or newly dominant males is reported among a variety of taxa, such as birds, rodents, carnivores and primates. Here we present a game theoretical model to explain the presence and prevalence of infanticide in primate groups. We have formulated a three-player game involving two males and one female and show that the strategies of infanticide on the males' part and polyandrous mating on the females' part emerge as Nash equilibria that are stable under certain conditions [...] These conclusions are confirmed by observations in the wild. These conclusions are confirmed by observations in the wild.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.005" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Mating strategies in primates: A game theoretical approach to infanticide</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Lyon JE, Pandit SA, van Schaik CP, Pradhan GR, DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.005, Journal of Theoretical Biology, in Press, January 2011</span></li></ul><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Peer review: Trial by Twitter, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Nature"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Nature</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Summary:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Blogs and tweets are ripping papers apart within days of publication, leaving researchers unsure how to react.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/469286a" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Peer review: Trial by Twitter</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Apoorva Mandavilli, DOI: 10.1038/469286a, Nature 469, 286-287, 2011/01/19</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-34086581453020780132011-01-24T04:42:00.000-08:002011-01-24T04:52:59.725-08:00Compilado AZyNE 24-01<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:hyphenationzone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Science"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Science</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> We constructed a corpus of digitized texts containing about 4% of all books ever printed. Analysis of this corpus enables us to investigate cultural trends quantitatively. We survey the vast terrain of ‘culturomics,’ focusing on linguistic and cultural phenomena that were reflected in the English language between 1800 and 2000. We show how this approach can provide insights about fields as diverse as lexicography, the evolution of grammar, collective memory, the adoption of technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology. Culturomics extends the boundaries of rigorous quantitative inquiry to a wide array of new phenomena spanning the social sciences and the humanities.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1199644" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Jean-Baptiste Michel, Yuan Kui Shen, Aviva Presser Aiden, Adrian Veres, Matthew K. Gray, The Google Books Team, Joseph P. Pickett, Dale Hoiberg, Dan Clancy, Peter Norvig, Jon Orwant, Steven Pinker, Martin A. Nowak, and Erez Lieberman Aiden, DOI: 10.1126/science.1199644, Science Vol. 331 no. 6014 pp. 176-182, 2011/01/14</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Amber Case: We are all cyborgs now, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=TED.com"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">TED.com</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">About this talk:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Technology is evolving us, says Amber Case, as we become a screen-staring, button-clicking new version of homo sapiens. We now rely on "external brains" (cell phones and computers) to communicate, remember, even live out secondary lives. But will these machines ultimately connect or conquer us? Case offers surprising insight into our cyborg selves.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/amber_case_we_are_all_cyborgs_now.html" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Amber Case: We are all cyborgs now</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, TED.com, 2011/01</span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span></p> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">The AHA! Experience: Creativity Through Emergent Binding in Neural Networks, </span><a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=Cognitive+Science"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Cognitive Science</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB"></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Abstract:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> Many kinds of creativity result from combination of mental representations. This paper provides a computational account of how creative thinking can arise from combining neural patterns into ones that are potentially novel and useful. We defend the hypothesis that such combinations arise from mechanisms that bind together neural activity by a process of convolution, a mathematical operation that interweaves structures. We describe computer simulations that show the feasibility of using convolution to produce emergent patterns of neural activity that can support cognitive and emotional processes underlying human creativity.</span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="" lang="EN-GB">Source:</span></em><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01142.x" target="new"><span style="" lang="EN-GB">The AHA! Experience: Creativity Through Emergent Binding in Neural Networks</span></a><span style="" lang="EN-GB">, Paul Thagard, Terrence C. Stewart, DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01142.x, Cognitive Science Volume 35, Issue 1, pages 1</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">�</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB">"33, January/February 2011, 2011/01-02</span></li></ul>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-799028686217807701.post-62666902731355888032010-12-22T06:29:00.000-08:002010-12-22T06:38:19.485-08:00Plenty of Time<h3>There's Plenty of Time for Evolution, <a href="http://comdig.unam.mx/resource.php?source1=PNAS">PNAS</a></h3> <div style="text-align: justify;"><em>Abstract:</em> Objections to Darwinian evolution are often based on the time required to carry out the necessary mutations. Seemingly, exponential numbers of mutations are needed. We show that such estimates ignore the effects of natural selection, and that the numbers of necessary mutations are thereby reduced to about K log L, rather than KL, where L is the length of the genomic “word,” and K is the number of possible “letters” that can occupy any position in the word. The required theory makes contact with the theory of radix-exchange sorting in theoretical computer science, and the asymptotic analysis of certain sums that occur there.<br /></div><div class="box"><ul><li><em>Source:</em> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016207107" target="new">There's Plenty of Time for Evolution</a>, Herbert S. Wilf, Warren J. Ewens, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016207107, PNAS, Published online before print, 2010/12/13</li></ul></div>Nachohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06637383824113724839noreply@blogger.com0